Ch. 3 Lect

Question 1

chromosomes

Answer 1

string of genetic material in the nuclei of cells

Question 2

autosomes

Answer 2

set of 22 out o 23 sets of chromosomes that contain most of our genetic information. the 23rd set is a sex chromosome and is considered different

Question 3

sex chromosome

Answer 3

23rd chormosome set which determines sex. Y (female) or X (amale). XX becomes female, XY becomes male. sex determined by male

Question 4

gametes

Answer 4

cells that unite at conception. (ova in females, sperm in males)

Question 5

zygote

Answer 5

single cell created when sperm and ovum unite

Question 6

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Answer 6

chemical material that makes up chromosomes and genes

Question 7

genes

Answer 7

pieces of genetic material that control or influence traits

Question 8

gonads

Answer 8

sex glands (ovaries in females, testes in males)

Question 9

androgens

Answer 9

hormones that cause male traits to develop 4-8 weeks after conception. if androgens not present all embryos develop female characteristic, regardless of chromosomal status

Question 10

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Answer 10

genetic disorder (or if embryo is exposed to androgens via meds) causing females to develop male appearing external genital

Question 11

dyzigotic twins

Answer 11

(fraternal twins). come from 2 sets of ova and sperm. not genetically identical. most common type

Question 12

monozygotic twins

Answer 12

(identical twins). come from one zygote. 1/3 are identical

Question 13

genotype

Answer 13

unique genetic blueprint of each individual

Question 14

phenotype

Answer 14

individuals particular set of observed characteristics. physical expression of genotype

Question 15

dominant-recssive pattern

Answer 15

pattern of inheritance in which a single dominant gene influences persons phenotype but two recessive genes are necessary to produce an associated trait

Question 16

homozygous

Answer 16

chromosomes carry either 2 dominant or 2 recessive genes

Question 17

heterozygous

Answer 17

chromosomes that carry both dominant and recessive genes

Question 18

expressivity

Answer 18

variation in degree to which a gene influences the phenotype

Question 19

polygenic inheritance

Answer 19

patter of inheritance in which many gens influence that trait

Question 20

multifactoral inheritance

Answer 20

inheritance affected by both genes and the enviornment

Question 21

red-green color blindness

Answer 21

sex linked disorder causing pople to have difficulty distinguishing red and green

Question 22

hemophilia

Answer 22

sex linked disorder where people lack clotting factors in the blood so bleeding doesn’t stop naturally

Question 23

cystic fibrosis

Answer 23

sex linked disorder which affects gene that regulates components of mucus and body fluids. causes scarring (fibroids) and cysts on the pancreas resulting in difficulty breathing, frequent lung infections, poor growth and early death

Question 24

fragile X syndrome

Answer 24

sex linked disorder where an X chromosome has a fragile or damaged spot, which can cause a progressive mental retardation

Question 25

trisomy

Answer 25

chromosomal anomaly in which a child has 3 copies of a specific autosome. most common is down syndrome

Question 26

down syndrome

Answer 26

chromosomal anomaly where a child has 3 copies of trisome 21. results in mental retardation and possible physical abnormalities such as heart defects. risk increases w/ mother's age.

Question 27

klinefeltr's syndrome

Answer 27

sex chromosome anomaly in a XXY pattern. males look normal but have under-developed testes and low sperm production. at puberty experience both male and female changes

Question 28

turner's syndrome

Answer 28

sex chromosome anomaly X0 (single X). anatomically female but have stunted growth and usually sterile. most require hormone therapy at puberty. risk of heart defects and impaired cognitive skills

Question 29

anoxia

Answer 29

oxygen deprivation experienced by fetus during labor and/ or delivery

Question 30

neonate

Answer 30

term for babies b/t birth and 1

Question 31

low birth weight (LBW)

Answer 31

newborns weight below 5.5 lb

Question 32

3 stages of pregnancy

Answer 32

germinal, embryonic, fetal

Question 33

stages of pregnancy: germinal stage

Answer 33

1st stage of pregnancy, beginning at conception and ending at implantation. weeks 1-2 sperm and ovum unite. zygote attaches to uterus

Question 34

stage of pregnancy: embryonic stage

Answer 34

2nd stage of pregnancy. beginning at implantation though week . organogenesis begins

Question 35

stage of pregnancy: fetal stage

Answer 35

3rd stage of pregnancy, week 9-38. growth of fetus and organ refinement

Question 36

implantation

Answer 36

attachment of blastocyst to the uterine wall

Question 37

placenta

Answer 37

specialized organ that allows substances to be transferred from mother to embryo w/out their blood mixing

Question 38

umbilical cord

Answer 38

oran that connects embryo to the placenta

Question 39

amnion

Answer 39

fluid-filled sac in which the fetus floats until just before it is born

Question 40

neurons

Answer 40

specialized cells of the nervous system

Question 41

organogenesis

Answer 41

process of organ development

Question 42

viability

Answer 42

ability of the fetus to survive outsied the womb. generally begins AROUND WEEK 24

Question 43

synapses

Answer 43

tiny spaces across which neural impulses flow from on neuron to the next

Question 44

cell body (neuron)

Answer 44

part of the neuron that contains the cell body and the site of vital cell functions

Question 45

axon

Answer 45

tail-like extensions of neurons. if a neuron looks like a tree, its roughly analogous to the trunk

Question 46

dendrites

Answer 46

brank-like protrusions from the cell bodies of neurons

Question 47

glial cells

Answer 47

"glue" that holds neurons together to form the structures of the nervous system

Question 48

cesarean secton (c-secton)

Answer 48

delivery of an infant though incisions in the abdominal and uterine wall

Question 49

teratogens

Answer 49

substances, such as viruses and drugs that can cause birth defects

Question 50

Brazelton neonatal behavioral assessment scale

Answer 50

scale used to track newborn's development over 1st 2 weeks . includes response to stimuli, reflexes, muscle tone, alertness, cuddliness and ability to quiet after being upset