Ch. 6 lect

Question 1

attachment theory

Answer 1

view that infants are biologically predisposed to form emotional bonds with caregivers and that the characteristics of those bonds shape later social and personality development

Question 2

attachment

Answer 2

the emotional tie to the parent experienced by the infant, from which the child derives security

Question 3

synchrony

Answer 3

a mutual, interlocking pattern of attachment behaviors shared by a parent and child

Question 4

4 phases of establishing attachment

Answer 4

1: nonfocused orienting and signaling (birth-3 months)
2: focus on one or more figures (3-6 months)
3: secure base behavior (6-24 months)
4: internal model (24+ months)

Question 5

stranger anxiety

Answer 5

expressions of discomfort, such as clinging to the mother, in the presence of strangers

Question 6

separation anxiety

Answer 6

expressions of discomfort, such as crying, when separated from an attachment figure

Question 7

social referencing

Answer 7

an infant’s use of other facial expressions as guide for his or her own emotions

Question 8

secure attachment

Answer 8

patter of attachment in which an infant readily separates from the parent, seeks proximity when stressed, and uses the parent as a safe base for exploration

Question 9

insecure/avoidant attachment

Answer 9

pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids contact w/ the parent and shows no preference for the parent over other people

Question 10

insecure/ambivalent attachment

Answer 10

pattern of attachment in which the infant shows little exploratory behavior, is greatly upset when separated from mother and is not reassured by her return or efforts to comfort him

Question 11

insecure/disorganized attachment

Answer 11

pattern of attachment in which an infant seems confused or apprehensive and shows contradictory behavior, such as moving toward the mother while looking away from her.

Question 12

emotional availability

Answer 12

caregiver who is able and willing to form an emotional attachment to the infant

Question 13

3 main types of temperament

Answer 13

easy children (40%), difficult (10%), and slow to warm up (15%)

Question 14

personality

Answer 14

pattern of responding to people and objects in the enviornment

Question 15

temperament

Answer 15

inborn predispositions, such as activity level, that form the foundations for personality

Question 16

niche picking

Answer 16

process of selecting experiences on the basis of temperament

Question 17

goodness of fit

Answer 17

the degree to which an infant’s temperament is adaptable to his or her environment, and vice versa

Question 18

subjective self

Answer 18

an infant’s awareness that she or he is a separate person who endures though time and space and can act on the environment

Question 19

objective (categorical) self

Answer 19

the toddler’s understanding that she or he is defined by various categories such as gender or qualities such as shyness

Question 20

9 temperament characteristics of thomas and chess

Answer 20

activity, regularity, initial reaction, adaptability, intensity, mood, distractibility, persistence and attention span, sensitivity