Ch. 2 Vocab

Question 1

psychoanalytic theories

Answer 1

theories proposing that developmental change happens because of the influence of internal drives and emotions on behavior

Question 2

id

Answer 2

in Freud’s theory, the par t of the personality that comprises a person’s basic sexual and aggressive impulses; it contains the libido and motivates a person to seek pleasure and avoid pain

Question 3

ego

Answer 3

according to Freud, the thinking dement of personality

Question 4

supergo

Answer 4

Freud’s term for the part of personality that is the moral judge

Question 5

psychosexual stages

Answer 5

Freud’s five stages of personality development though which children move in a fixed sequence determined by maturation; the libido is centered in a different body part in each stage

Question 6

psychosocial stages

Answer 6

Eriikson’s 8 stages, or crises, of personality development in which inner instincts interact w/ outer cultural and social demands to shape personality

Question 7

behaviorism

Answer 7

the view that defines development in terms of behavior changes caused by environmental influences

Question 8

learning theories

Answer 8

theories asserting that development results from an accumulation of experiences

Question 9

classical conditioning

Answer 9

learning that results from the association of still

Question 10

operant conditioning

Answer 10

learning to repeat or stop behaviors because of their consequences

Question 11

reinforcement

Answer 11

anything that follows a behavior and causes it to be repeated

Question 12

punishment

Answer 12

anything that follows behavior and causes it to stop

Question 13

extinction

Answer 13

the gradual elimination of a behavior though repeated non-reinforcement

Question 14

observation learning or modeling

Answer 14

learning that realists from seeing a model reinforced or punished for a behavior

Question 15

cognitive theories

Answer 15

theories that emphasize mental processes in development, such as logic and memory

Question 16

scheme

Answer 16

in Piaget’s theory, an internal cognitive structure that provide an individual with procedure to use in a specific circumstance

Question 17

assimilation

Answer 17

process of using a scheme as a result of some new information

Question 18

accommodation

Answer 18

changing scheme as a result of some new information

Question 19

equilibration

Answer 19

process of balancing assimilation and accommodation to create schemes that it the environment

Question 20

sociocultural theory

Answer 20

Vygotsky’s view that complex forms of thinking have their origins in social interactions rather than in an individual’s private explorations

Question 21

information-processing theory

Answer 21

a theoretical perspective that uses the computer as model to explain how the mind manages information

Question 22

neo-Piagetian theory

Answer 22

an approach that uses information-processing principles to explain the developmental stages identified by Piaget

Question 23

behavior genetics

Answer 23

the study of the role of heredity in individual differences

Question 24

ethology

Answer 24

a perspective on development atet emphasizes genetically determined survival behaviors presumed to have evolved though natural selection

Question 25

sociobiology

Answer 25

the study of society using the methods and concepts of biology; when used by developmentalist, an approach that emphasizes genes the raid group survival

Question 26

bioecological theory

Answer 26

Bronfenbrenner's theory that explains development in terms of relationships between individuals and their environments, or interconnected contexts

Question 27

eclecticism

Answer 27

the use of multiple theoretical perspectives to explain and study human development