Chapter 1 (Midterms)

Question 1

Scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another; science that studies the influences of our situations, with special attention to how we view and affect one another.

Answer 1

Social Psychology

Question 2

When did social psychology assume its current form?

Answer 2

1930

Question 3

Big ideas in social psychology (social thinking) (3)

Answer 3

1.We construct our social
reality
2.Our social intuitions are
powerful, sometimes perilous
3.Attitudes shape, and are
shaped by, behavior

Question 4

Big ideas in social psychology (social influences) (2)

Answer 4

4.Social influences shape
behavior
5.Dispositions shape
behavior

Question 5

Big ideas in social psychology (social relations) (2)

Answer 5

6. Social behavior is also
   biological behavior
7. Feelings and actions toward
   people are sometimes
   negative (prejudiced,
   aggressive) and sometimes
   positive (helpful, loving)

Question 5

Social psychologist Hazel Markus (2005) sums it up:

Answer 5

“People are, above all, malleable.”

Question 6

People’s personal convictions about what is desirable and how people ought to behave

Answer 6

Values

Question 7

The enduring behaviors, ideas,
attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

Answer 7

Culture

Question 8

A society’s widely held ideas and values, including assumptions and cultural
ideologies; help us make sense of our world.

Answer 8

Social representations

Question 9

4 examples of value judgments

Answer 9

DEFINING THE GOOD LIFE
PROFESSIONAL ADVICE
FORMING CONCEPTS
LABELING

Question 10

The tendency to exaggerate, after learning an outcome, one’s ability to have foreseen how
something turned out; also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.

Answer 10

Hindsight bias

Question 11

An integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events.

Answer 11

Theory

Question 12

A testable proposition that describes a relationship that may exist between events.

Answer 12

Hypothesis

Question 13

Research done in natural, real-life settings outside the laboratory.

Answer 13

Field research

Question 14

The study of the naturally occurring relationships among variables.

Answer 14

Correlational research

Question 15

Studies that seek clues to cause–effect relationships by manipulating one or more
factors (independent variables) while controlling others (holding them constant).

Answer 15

Experimental research

Question 16

When two variables correlate, any combination of three explanations is possible. Either one may cause the other, or both may be affected by an underlying “third factor.”

Answer 16

Correlation and Causations

Question 17

Survey procedure in which every person in the population being studied has an equal
chance of inclusion.

Answer 17

Random sampling

Question 18

4 potentially biasing influences:

Answer 18

Unrepresentative samples
Question order
Response options
Question wording

Question 19

The way a question or an issue is posed; can influence people’s decisions and
expressed opinions.

Answer 19

Framing

Question 20

The process of assigning participants to the conditions of an experiment such that all
persons have the same chance of being in a given condition.

Answer 20

Random assignment

Question 21

The experimental factor that a researcher manipulates.

Answer 21

Independent variable

Question 22

The variable being measured,
so called because it may depend on manipulations of the other variable.

Answer 22

Dependent variable

Question 23

Repeating a research study, often with different participants in different settings, to
determine whether a finding could be reproduced.

Answer 23

Replication

Question 24

Degree to which an experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations.

Answer 24

Mundane realism

Question 25

Degree to which an experiment absorbs and involves its participants.

Answer 25

Experimental realism

Question 26

In research, an effect by which participants are misinformed or misled about the study’s methods and purposes.

Answer 26

Deception

Question 26

Cues in an experiment that tell the participant what behavior is expected.

Answer 26

Demand characteristics

Question 27

An ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.

Answer 27

Informed consent

Question 27

In social psychology, the postexperimental explanation of a study to its participants; usually discloses any deception and often queries participants regarding their understandings and feelings.

Answer 27

Debriefing

Question 28

Father of Modern Social Psychology

Answer 28

Gordon Allport

Question 29

What is Social Psychology?

Answer 29

1) SCIENCE 2) FOCUSES ON THE THOUGHTS, FEELINGS, & BEHAVIORS OF INDIVIDUALS 3) FOCUS ON INDIVIDUAL 4) INFLUENCED BY OTHER HUMAN BEINGS

Question 30

These are the fundamental Principles; great ideas we ought never to forget in SP

Answer 30

THE SP BIG IDEAS

Question 31

Thinking, memory, and attitudes all operate on two levels—one conscious and deliberate, the other unconscious and automatic.

Answer 31

Dual processing

Question 32

AFfect how we feel and act.

Answer 32

Stress hormones

Question 33

Elevates blood pressure.

Answer 33

Social ostracism

Question 34

Strengthens the disease-fighting immune system.

Answer 34

Social support

Question 35

2 types of research.

Answer 35

Laboratory research Field research

Question 36

Type of research that has a controlled situation

Answer 36

Laboratory research

Question 37

Type of research about everyday situation

Answer 37

Field research

Question 38

2 methods of research

Answer 38

Correlational Experimental