Chapter 3 (Midterms)

Question 1

2 Brain Systems

Answer 1

System 1
System 2

Question 2

Brain system that is intuitive, automatic, unconscious, and fast way of thinking

Answer 2

System 1

Question 3

Brain system that is deliberate, controlled, conscious, and slower way of thinking.

Answer 3

System 2

Question 4

2 powers of intuition

Answer 4

Automatic processing
Controlled processing

Question 5

“Implicit” thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness; roughly corresponds
to “intuition.” Also known as
System 1.

Answer 5

Automatic processing

Question 6

“Explicit” thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious. Also known as
System 2.

Answer 6

Controlled processing

Question 7

Activating particular associations in memory; Experiments show that even without awareness, it can influence another thought, or even an action; first impression

Answer 7

Priming

Question 8

The mutual influence of bodily sensations on cognitive preferences and
social judgments.

Answer 8

Embodied cognition

Question 9

Samples of automatic processing

Answer 9

Schemas
Emotional reactions
Expertise
Blindsight

Question 10

Mental concepts/templates that intuitively guide our perceptions and interpretations.

Answer 10

Schemas

Question 11

Often nearly instantaneous, happens
before deliberate thinking; Thalamus to Amygdala

Answer 11

Emotional reactions

Question 12

Expert skill in a particular field

Answer 12

Expertise

Question 13

Ability to detect & respond to visual
stimuli w/o having perceived it.

Answer 13

Blindsight

Question 14

Automatic processing happens where?

Answer 14

Offscreen

Question 15

Tendency to be more confident than correct —to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs

Answer 15

Overconfidence phenomenon

Question 16

• A tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions.
• Appears in System 1
• Helps explain why our self-images are so remarkably stable.

Answer 16

Confirmation bias

Question 17

When our default reaction is to look for information consistent with our
presupposition.

Answer 17

Snap judgment

Question 18

Thinking strategy that enables
quick, efficient judgments; simple, efficient
thinking strategies that enable quick, efficient
judgements; enable us to make routine decisions with minimal effort.

Answer 18

Heuristics

Question 19

The tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that
someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling
(representing) a typical member.

Answer 19

Representative heuristic

Question 20

A cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their
availability in memory. If instances of something come readily to mind, we
presume it to be commonplace.

Answer 20

Availability heuristic

Question 21

Vivid, memorable—and therefore cognitively
available—events influence our perception of the social world; often leads people to fear the wrong things

Answer 21

Probability neglect

Question 22

Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn’t.
- Easily imagined, cognitively available events also influence our experiences of guilt, regret, frustration, and relief.

Answer 22

Counterfactual thinking

Question 23

Perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists.

Answer 23

Illusory correlation

Question 24

The statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return toward one’s average

Answer 24

Regression towards the average

Question 25

Perceiving the other party against their views

Answer 25

Political perception

Question 26

Persistence of one’s initial conceptions, such as when the basis for one’s belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives.

Answer 26

Belief perseverance

Question 27

Incorporating “misinformation” into one’s memory of the event, after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it

Answer 27

Misinformation effect

Question 28

Recalling mildly pleasant events more favorably than experienced.

Answer 28

Rosy Retrospection

Question 29

People whose attitudes have changed often insist that they have always felt much as they now feel.

Answer 29

Reconstructing our past attitudes

Question 30

Memory construction enables us to revise our own histories

Answer 30

Reconstructing our past behaviour

Question 31

Mistakenly attributing a behavior to the wrong source.

Answer 31

Misattribution

Question 32

The theory of how people explain others’ behavior—for example, by attributing it either to internal dispositions (enduring traits, motives, and attitudes) or to external situations

Answer 32

Attribution theory

Question 33

3 techniques for reducing overconfidence bias.

Answer 33

Prompt feedback Making people think of reasons their judgements might be wrong Encouraging individuals to consider disconfirming information

Question 34

We revise the past to suit our present views. Thus, we underreport bad behavior and overreport good behavior.

Answer 34

Totalitarian Ego

Question 35

2 types of attribution

Answer 35

Dispositional Attribution Situational Attribution

Question 36

Attributing behavior to the person’s disposition and traits

Answer 36

Dispositional Attribution

Question 37

Attributing behavior to the environment.

Answer 37

Situational Attribution

Question 38

We often infer that other people's actions are indicative of their intentions and dispositions

Answer 38

INFERRING TRAITS

Question 39

An effortless, automatic interference of a trait after exposure to someone's behavior.

Answer 39

Spontaneous Trait Inference

Question 40

The tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences & overestimate dispositional influences upon others' behavior.

Answer 40

FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR

Question 41

Attribution theorists have pointed out that we observe others from a different perspective than we observe ourselves

Answer 41

PERSPECTIVE & SITUATIONAL AWARENESS

Question 42

WHY DO WE MAKE THE ATTRIBUTION ERROR? (2)

Answer 42

PERSPECTIVE & SITUATIONAL AWARENESS CULTURAL DIFFERENCES

Question 43

Beliefs that lead to its own fulfillment

Answer 43

SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECIES

Question 44

A type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people's social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations.

Answer 44

Behavioral confirmation