Chapter 12

Question 1

Motive to increase another’s welfare without conscious regard for one’s self-interests; unselfish regard for or devotion to the welfare of others

Answer 1

Altruism

Question 2

Motive to increase one’s own welfare; idea that self-interest motivates all behavior

Answer 2

Egoism

Question 3

Theory that human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one’s
rewards and minimize one’s costs.

Answer 3

Social-exchange Theory

Question 4

Things that motivate helping may be internal or external.

Answer 4

Rewards

Question 5

2 Types of Rewards

Answer 5

External Rewards (of helping)
Internal Rewards (of helping)

Question 6

We give to get; we are most eager to help someone attractive to us, someone whose approval we desire

Answer 6

External Rewards (of helping)

Question 7

Benefits of helping include self rewards; reducing distress by helping someone in distress.

Answer 7

Internal Rewards (of helping)

Question 8

Lead to good action to reduce private guilt, restore a shaken self-image, and reclaim a positive public image.

Answer 8

Reducing Guilt

Question 9

Occurs when people whose attention is on others, people for whom altruism is
therefore rewarding.

Answer 9

Feel Bad / Do Good Effect

Question 10

Generous people are happier than those whose spending is self-focused; positive mood of relief can dramatically boost helping.

Answer 10

Do Good / Feel-Good Effect

Question 11

Social expectations; tells us what we ought
to do thus it prescribes proper behavior.

Answer 11

Social Norms

Question 12

An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

Answer 12

The Reciprocity Norm

Question 13

2 Social Norms that Motivate Altruism

Answer 13

The Reciprocity Norm
The Social Responsibility Norm

Question 14

The mutual support and cooperation enabled by a social network.

Answer 14

Social Capital

Question 15

If we attribute the need to an uncontrollable predicament, we help; if we attribute the need to the person’s choices, fairness does not require us to help; we say it’s the person’s own fault

Answer 15

The Social Responsibility Norm

Question 16

Psychology contends that life’s essence is gene survival.

Answer 16

Evolutionary Theory

Question 17

The idea that evolution has selected altruism toward one’s close relatives to enhance the survival of mutually shared genes; if you carry my genes, I’ll favor you.

Answer 17

Kin selection

Question 18

An organism helps another because it
expects help in return

Answer 18

Reciprocity

Question 19

We scratch each other’s backs.

Answer 19

Direct reciprocity

Question 20

I’ll scratch your back, you scratch someone’s, and someone will scratch mine.

Answer 20

Indirect reciprocity

Question 21

When groups are in competition, groups of mutually supportive altruists outlast groups of non altruists; back-scratching groups survive.

Answer 21

Group selection

Question 22

Vicarious experience of another’s feelings; putting oneself in another’s shoes.

Answer 22

Empathy

Question 23

Circumstances that prompt people to help, or not to help. (4)

Answer 23

Number of bystanders
Helping When Someone Else Does
Time Pressures
Similarity

Question 24

Presence of others reduce helping behavior.

Answer 24

Number of bystanders

Question 25

People are less likely to notice an emergency if other people are around.

Answer 25

NOTICING

Question 26

Misinterpretations of ambiguous events are fed by illusions of transparency

Answer 26

INTERPRETING

Question 27

Groups often lead to diffusion of responsibility.

Answer 27

ASSUMING RESPONSIBILITY

Question 28

Tendency to overestimate others’ ability to “read” our internal states.

Answer 28

Illusions of transparency

Question 29

Person is less likely to help someone when other bystanders are present.

Answer 29

Bystander effect

Question 30

People help if they have just observed someone else helping

Answer 30

Helping When Someone Else Does

Question 31

Refer to individuals or characters in a person's environment who demonstrate behaviors that benefit others or society.

Answer 31

Priscila models

Question 32

Having at least a little spare time; those in a hurry are less likely to help.

Answer 32

Time Pressures

Question 33

We tend to help those whom we perceive as being similar to us.

Answer 33

Similarity

Question 34

People who are primed in spiritual priming are likely to have better dispositions

Answer 34

Materialistic vs. spiritual priming

Question 35

“Religion” primes more into in-group helping while “God” primes more into out-group helping

Answer 35

God vs. religion

Question 36

Personalized non-verbal appeals can be more effective, i.e. bystanders tend to offer aid more if they have identified themselves by name, age, etc.

Answer 36

PERSONALIZED APPEAL

Question 37

Omitting certain people from one’s circle of moral concern

Answer 37

Moral exclusion

Question 38

Regarding others as within one’s circle of moral concern

Answer 38

Moral inclusion

Question 39

If we see or read someone giving assistance, we tend to be more helpful too.

Answer 39

Real-life modeling

Question 40

Prosocial TV models actually had even greater effects than antisocial models

Answer 40

Media modeling

Question 41

Result of bribing people to do what they already like doing; they may then see their actions as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing

Answer 41

Overjustification effect