Chapter 2

Question 1

The belief that others are paying more attention to one`s appearance and
behavior than they really are.

Answer 1

SPOTLIGHT EFFECT

Question 2

The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be
easily read by others.

Answer 2

ILLUSION OF TRANSPARENCY

Question 3

6 examples of the interplay between our sense of self and our social worlds.

Answer 3

SPOTLIGHT EFFECT
ILLUSION OF TRANSPARENCY
Social surroundings affect our self-awareness.
Self-interest colors our social judgment.
Self-concern motivates our social behavior.
Social relationships help define our self.

Question 4

When we are the only members of our race,
gender, or nationality in a group, we notice how we differ and how others are reacting to our
differences.

Answer 4

Social surroundings affect our self-awareness.

Question 5

When problems arise in a close relationship such as
marriage, we usually attribute more responsibility to our partners than to ourselves.

Answer 5

Self-interest colors our social judgment

Question 6

In hopes of making a positive impression, we
agonize about our appearance. We also monitor others’ behavior and expectations and adjust
our behavior accordingly.

Answer 6

Self-concern motivates our social behavior

Question 7

In our varied relationships, we have varying selves.

Answer 7

Social relationships help define our self.

Question 8

The sum total of an individual belief about his or her personal attributes; generally thought
of as our individual perceptions of our behavior, abilities, and unique characteristics; the image that we have of ourselves

Answer 8

Self-concept

Question 9

Most essential aspect of yourself is yourself; the way a person thinks about and views his or her traits, beliefs, and purpose within the world

Answer 9

Sense of self

Question 10

Neuron path located in the cleft between your brain
hemispheres just behind your eyes, seemingly helps stitch together your sense of self.

Answer 10

Medial prefrontal cortex

Question 11

The elements of your self-concept, the specific beliefs by which you define yourself; beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information

Answer 11

Self schema

Question 12

Images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future; include our visions of the self we dream of becoming—the rich self, the
thin self, the passionately loved and loving self

Answer 12

Possible self

Question 13

Refers to how we are regarded and recognized by others.

Answer 13

Social self

Question 14

Evaluating one’s abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others; involves people coming to know themselves by
evaluating their own attitudes, abilities, and traits in comparison with others.

Answer 14

Social comparisons

Question 15

2 kinds of social comparisons.

Answer 15

Upward Social Comparison
Downward Social Comparison

Question 16

This takes place when we compare ourselves
with those who we believe are better than us.

Answer 16

Upward Social Comparison

Question 17

This takes place when we compare ourselves
to others who are worse off than us.

Answer 17

Downward Social Comparison

Question 18

How we think others perceive us as a mirror for perceiving
ourselves.

Answer 18

Looking-glass self

Question 19

How we see ourselves shapes our lives and is shaped by
our cultural context.

Answer 19

Self and Culture

Question 20

The concept of giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals
and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group
identifications.

Answer 20

Individualism

Question 21

Social psychological term that relates to the manner in which
humans identify themselves and prioritize their goals.

Answer 21

Collectivism

Question 22

Construing one’s identity in relation to others.

Answer 22

Interdependent self

Question 23

The identity is Personal, defined by individual traits and goals.

Answer 23

Independent

Question 24

Personal achievement and fulfillment; my rights and liberties

Answer 24

Me

Question 25

Identity is Social, defined by connections with others.

Answer 25

Interdependent

Question 26

Group goals and solidarity; our social responsibilities and relationships.

Answer 26

We

Question 27

The tendency to underestimate to how long it will take to complete a task.

Answer 27

Planning fallacy

Question 28

Difficulty predicting the intensity and duration of future emotions.

Answer 28

Affective forecasting

Question 29

Overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events.

Answer 29

Impact bias

Question 30

The human tendency to underestimate the speed and the strength of the "psychological immune system" which enables emotional recovery and resilience after bad things happen.

Answer 30

Immune neglect

Question 31

Includes the strategies for rationalizing, discounting, forgiving, and limiting emotional trauma.

Answer 31

Psychological immune system

Question 32

Different implicit (automatic) and explicit (consciously controlled) attitudes toward the same object.

Answer 32

Dual attitude system

Question 33

The theory linking the perception of discrepancies between a person’s self-concept and various self-guides to specific negative emotional states.

Answer 33

Self-discrepancy theory

Question 34

States that self-focused attention leads people to notice self-discrepancies, thereby motivating either an escape from self-awareness or a change in behavior.

Answer 34

Self-awareness theory

Question 35

2 self-focusing persons

Answer 35

Private self Public self

Question 36

Self-consciousness> a personality characteristic of individuals who are introspective, often attending to their own inner states (the tendency to introspect on our inner thoughts and feelings)

Answer 36

Private self

Question 37

Self-consciousness> a personality characteristic of individuals who focus on themselves as social objects as seen by others (the tendency to be aware of our outer public image).

Answer 37

Public self

Question 38

2 types of self esteem

Answer 38

Lower self esteem High self esteem

Question 39

Individuals are unable to see themselves as capable, sufficient, and worthy and they don’t believe to their own self.

Answer 39

Lower self esteem

Question 40

Individuals who have healthy feelings and believe in themselves also have their own weaknesses but they are focused on their strengths which really shape who they really are.

Answer 40

High self esteem

Question 41

Ways to improve your self-esteem.

Answer 41

1. Be nice to yourself. 2. You do you, stop comparing yourself to others. 3. Have an exercise. 4. Nobody’s perfect. 5. Remember that everyone makes mistakes. 6. Focus on what you can change in yourself. 7. Do what makes you happy. 8. Celebrate the achievements that you have, even if it is small stuff. 9. Be a good friend. 10.Surround yourself with a supportive squad.

Question 42

It refers to the belief of a person regarding his or her own capacity to affect internal states and actions, as well as the external environment of an individual.

Answer 42

Perceived self-control

Question 43

It refers to an individual's belief in his or her capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments

Answer 43

Self-efficacy

Question 44

An individual’s belief system regarding the causes of his or her experiences and the factors to which that person attributes success or failure.

Answer 44

Locus of control

Question 45

2 categories of locus of control.

Answer 45

Internal locus of control External locus of control

Question 46

The person attributes success to his or her own efforts and abilities.

Answer 46

Internal locus of control

Question 47

The person attributes his or her success to luck or fate, will be less likely to make the effort needed to learn.

Answer 47

External locus of control

Question 48

Conceptualized as a sort of general or overall feeling of one’s worth or value; more focused on "being".

Answer 48

Self-esteem

Question 49

More focused on "doing".

Answer 49

Self-efficacy

Question 50

The sense of hopelessness and resignation learned when a human or animal perceives no control over repeated bad events.

Answer 50

Learned helplessness

Question 51

Tendency to perceive oneself favorably.

Answer 51

Self-serving bias

Question 52

A form of self-serving bias; the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to other factors.

Answer 52

Self-serving attributions

Question 53

The adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one’s anxiety to motivate effective action.

Answer 53

Defensive pessimism

Question 54

Increases our vulnerability. Believing ourselves immune to misfortune, we do not take sensible precautions.

Answer 54

Illusory optimism

Question 55

Viewing things in a more immediate, realistic way often helps.

Answer 55

Ideas from idealistic optimism/ Unrealistic optimism

Question 56

The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions and one's undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors.

Answer 56

False consensus effect

Question 57

The tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's abilities and one's desirable or successful behaviors.

Answer 57

False uniqueness effect

Question 58

Explaining away outgroup members’ positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions (while excusing such behavior by one’s own group)

Answer 58

Group-serving bias

Question 59

The act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favorable impression or an impression that corresponds to one’s ideals

Answer 59

Self presentation

Question 60

Protecting one’s self-image with behaviors that create a handy excuse for later failure.

Answer 60

Self-handicapping

Question 61

A careful balance of looking good while not looking too good.

Answer 61

Social interaction

Question 62

2 faces of self-presentation

Answer 62

Strategic self Self verification

Question 63

Presentation consists of our effort to shape others’ impressions in specific ways in order to gain influence, power, sympathy, or approval.

Answer 63

Strategic self

Question 64

The desire to have others perceive us as we genuinely perceive ourselves.

Answer 64

Self verification

Question 65

The tendency to change behavior in response to the self-presentation concern of the situation (the tendency to regulate our behavior to meet the demand of social situation).

Answer 65

Self-monitoring