Chapter 3 (BAL)

Question 1

2 brain systems

Answer 1

System 1
System 2

Question 2

Brain system about “Intuition” or “Gut Feeling”; functions automatically and out of our awareness; the intuitive, automatic, unconscious, and fast way of thinking

Answer 2

System 1

Question 3

Brain system which requires conscious attention and effort; deliberate, controlled, conscious, and slower way of thinking.

Answer 3

System 2

Question 4

Refers to the activation of specific associations or ideas in our memory, often
without conscious awareness; influences how we interpret and respond to various stimuli in our environment.

Answer 4

Priming

Question 5

Mutual influence of bodily sensations on cognitive preferences and social
judgments

Answer 5

Embodied cognition

Question 6

Process of making quick decisions or assessments based on immediate feelings,
hunches, or gut reactions without relying on conscious reasoning or analysis.

Answer 6

Intuitive judgment

Question 7

Ability to make quick judgments without conscious reasoning.

Answer 7

Intuition

Question 8

2 powers of intuition

Answer 8

Automatic processing
Controlled processing

Question 9

Implicit” thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness; roughly corresponds
to “intuition.”; also known as System 1.

Answer 9

Automatic processing

Question 10

Mental concepts or templates that intuitively guide our perceptions and interpretations.

Answer 10

Schemas

Question 11

Often nearly instantaneous, happening before there is time for deliberate thinking.

Answer 11

Emotional reactions

Question 12

When people make quick, accurate judgments about others based on minimal information

Answer 12

Snap judgments

Question 13

Explicit” thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious; also known as System 2.

Answer 13

Controlled processing

Question 14

Occurs when individuals with damage to the visual cortex can’t consciously see part of their
visual field but can make accurate guesses about what they “see.

Answer 14

Blindsight

Question 15

The tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of one’s
beliefs

Answer 15

Overconfidence phenomenon

Question 16

Investment experts can be overconfident in their ability to beat the stock market average,
leading to subpar results.

Answer 16

Stockbroker overconfidence

Question 17

Historical examples like Hitler, Johnson, and Bush illustrate the consequences of
overconfident decision-making in politics.

Answer 17

Political overconfidence

Question 18

Students who overestimated their accuracy in memorizing psychology terms did worse on
tests because they stopped studying.

Answer 18

Student overconfidence

Question 19

3 remedies for overconfidence

Answer 19

Seek Prompt Feedback
Consider Disconfirming Information
Balance Realistic Self-Confidence

Question 20

Tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions

Answer 20

Confirmation bias

Question 21

Thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgments

Answer 21

Heuristics

Question 22

The tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something
belongs to a particular group if resembling (representing) a typical member.

Answer 22

REPRESENTATIVENESS HEURISTIC

Question 23

A cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory; mental shortcut where people rely on readily available information or examples that
come to mind when making judgments or decisions, often leading to biases.

Answer 23

Availability heuristic

Question 24

Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn’t.

Answer 24

COUNTERFACTUAL THINKING

Question 25

Perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists.

Answer 25

Illusory Correlation

Question 26

Statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return toward their average.

Answer 26

Regression Toward the Average

Question 27

Persistence of one’s initial conceptions, such as when the basis for one’s belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives.

Answer 27

Belief Perseverance

Question 28

Incorporating “misinformation” into one’s memory of the event after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it

Answer 28

Misinformation Effect

Question 29

Recall mildly pleasant events more favorably than they experienced them

Answer 29

Rosy retrospection

Question 30

Mistakenly attributing a behavior to the wrong source

Answer 30

Misattribution

Question 31

Theory of how people explain others’ behavior by attributing it to either internal dispositions or external situations

Answer 31

Attribution Theory

Question 32

Attributing behavior to the person’s disposition and traits

Answer 32

Dispositional Attribution

Question 33

Attributing behavior to the environment

Answer 33

Situational Attribution

Question 34

Effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone’s behavior

Answer 34

Spontaneous Trait Inference

Question 35

Tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others’ behavior

Answer 35

Fundamental Attribution Error

Question 36

We make attribution error b/c we observe others from different perspectives than ourselves

Answer 36

Perspective and Situational Awareness

Question 37

Why do we make attributional errors? (?)

Answer 37

Perspective and Situational Awareness Cultural Differences

Question 38

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment

Answer 38

Self-fulfilling Prophecies

Question 39

Type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people’s social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations.

Answer 39

Behavioral confirmation