Chapter 5 (Midterms)

Question 1

Emphasizing human kinship; highlights our universal human nature; highlights the kinship that results from our shared human nature.

Answer 1

Evolutionary perspective

Question 2

Emphasizing human diversity; highlights human adaptability

Answer 2

Cultural perspective

Question 3

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

Answer 3

Culture

Question 4

Evolutionary process by which heritable traits that best enable organisms to survive and reproduce in particular environments are passed to ensuing generations.

Answer 4

Natural selection

Question 5

The study of the evolution of cognition and behavior using principles of natural selection.

Answer 5

Evolutionary Psychology

Question 6

Most important similarity, the hallmark of our species

Answer 6

Capacity to learn and adapt

Question 7

What was said by Aristotle about humans?

Answer 7

We (humans) are the social animal

Question 8

Field of research exploring the expression of genes across different environments.

Answer 8

Epigenetics

Question 9

Not fixed blueprints; their expression depends on the environment.

Answer 9

Genes

Question 10

The diversity of our languages, customs, and expressive behaviors confirms that much of our behavior is socially programmed, not hardwired.

Answer 10

CULTURAL DIVERSITY

Question 11

Standards for accepted and expected behavior; prescribe “proper” behavior; also describe what most others do—what is normal

Answer 11

Norms

Question 12

Aspects where cultures vary in their norms (5)

Answer 12

Individual choices
Expressiveness
Punctuality
Rule-breaking
Personal space

Question 13

Cultures vary in how much they
emphasize the individual self (individualistic cultures) versus others
and the society (collectivistic cultures).

Answer 13

Individual choices

Question 14

The buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies.

Answer 14

Personal space

Question 15

Different types of personal space (bubble size) (3)

Answer 15

Individuals differ
Groups differ
Cultures differ

Question 16

Type of personal space where some people prefer more personal space than others

Answer 16

Individuals differ

Question 17

Type of personal space where adults maintain more distance than do
children; men keep more distance from one another than do women.

Answer 17

Groups differ

Question 18

Type of personal space where they differ not only in their norms for such behaviors, but
also in the strength of their norms.

Answer 18

Cultures differ

Question 19

An essential universality; as members of one species, the processes that underlie our differing behaviors are much the same everywhere.

Answer 19

Cultural similarity

Question 20

People everywhere have some common norms for friendship.

Answer 20

UNIVERSAL FRIENDSHIP NORMS

Question 21

Around the world, people describe others with between two and five universal personality dimensions

Answer 21

UNIVERSAL TRAIT DIMENSIONS

Question 22

There are five universal dimensions of social beliefs (Leung & Bond, 2004); across 38 countries, people varied in cynicism, social complexity, reward for application, spirituality, and fate control.

Answer 22

UNIVERSAL SOCIAL BELIEF DIMENSIONS

Question 23

Big 5 SOCIAL BELIEF DIMENSIONS

Answer 23

Cynicism
Social complexity
Reward for application
Spirituality
Fate control

Question 24

Social belief where powerful people tend to exploit others

Answer 24

Cynicism

Question 25

Social belief where one has to deal with matters according to the specific circumstances

Answer 25

Social complexity

Question 26

Social belief where one will succeed if he/she really tries

Answer 26

Reward for application

Question 27

Social belief where religious faith contributes to good mental health

Answer 27

Spirituality

Question 28

Social belief where fate determines one's success and failures

Answer 28

Fate control

Question 29

An aspect of universal norm where forms of address communicate not only social distance but also social status

Answer 29

First aspect of universal norm

Question 30

An aspect of universal norm where advances in intimacy are usually suggested by the higher-status person.

Answer 30

Second aspects of universal norm

Question 31

In the progression toward intimacy in the second aspect of universal norm, the higher-status person is typically the what?

Answer 31

Pacesetter

Question 32

Parents are not to have sexual relations with their children, nor siblings with one another.

Answer 32

The incest taboo

Question 33

Characteristics, whether biological or socially influenced, by which people define male and female.

Answer 33

Gender

Question 34

Your “opposite sex” is actually your similar sex

Answer 34

Gender similarity

Question 35

Most people rate their beliefs and feelings regarding women as more favorable than their feelings regarding men

Answer 35

"women are wonderful" effect

Question 36

Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone; in laboratory experiments, this might mean delivering electric shocks or saying something likely to hurt another’s feelings.

Answer 36

Aggression

Question 37

From andro (man) 1 gyn (woman)—thus mixing both masculine and feminine characteristics.

Answer 37

Androgynous

Question 38

Suggests that people create and adapt to cultures, and cultures, in turn, shape people's behaviors.

Answer 38

Culture cycle

Question 39

A set of behavior expectations (norms) for males and females; refer to the set of societal expectations, behaviors, and norms that are considered appropriate for individuals based on their perceived or assigned gender

Answer 39

Gender roles

Question 40

A culture where traditional gender roles have often placed men in dominant positions while women were expected to assume more subservient roles

Answer 40

Machismo culture

Question 41

The vicarious experience of another’s feelings; putting oneself in another’s shoes.

Answer 41

Empathy

Question 42

A relationship in which the effect of one factor (such as biology) depends on another factor (such as environment).

Answer 42

Interaction