Chapter 10 Flashcards by Kandace Swagerty

Place of union between two or more bones; also called a joint

articulation

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Any body part attached to a main structure

appendage

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Latticelike arrangement of bony plates occurring at the ends of long bones

cancellous

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Ligaments that cross each other, forming an X within the notch between the femoral condyles

cruciate ligaments

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Production and development of blood cells, normally in the bone marrow

hematopoiesis

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contractile cells that provide movement of an organ or body part

fibers

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Muscles whose action is under voluntary control

Skeletal muscle or voluntary muscle or striated muscles

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Muscle found only in the heart, involuntary

Cardiac muscle

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Muscles whose actions are involuntary, found in visceral organs, walls of arteries and respiratory passages, and urinary and reproductive ducts

Smooth muscle

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In ________ muscle fibers arise directly from bone

fleshy attachments

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In __________ the connective tissue converges at the end of the muscle to become continuous and indistinguishable from the periosteum

fibrous attachments

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When the fibrous attachment spans a large area of a bone the attachment is called an

aponeurosis

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When connective tissue fibers form a cord or strap it is called a

tendon

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Flexible bands of fibrous tissue that are highly adapted for resisting strains and are one of the principal mechanical factors that hold bones close together in a synovial joint

ligament

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Adduction

moves closer to the midline

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Abduction

Moves away from the midline

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Flexion

decreases the angle of a joint

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Extension

increases the angle of a joint

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Rotation

moves a bone around its own axis

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pronation

turns the palm down

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supination

turns the palm up

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Inversion

moves the sole of the foot inward

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Eversion

moves the sole of the foot outward

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Dorsiflexion

elevates the foot

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plantar flexion

lowers the foot (points the toes)

produce blood cells within bone marrow

hematopoiesis

cube shaped consist of a core of spongy bone enclosed in a thin surface layer of compact bone

short bone

include the bones that cannot be classified as short or long because of their complex shapes

irregular bones

provide a broad surface for muscular attachment or protection for internal organs

flat bones

found in the appendages (extremities) of the body, such as the legs, arms, and fingers

long bones

the shaft, or long, main portion of a bone. Consists of compact bone that forms a cylinder and surrounds a central canal called the medullary cavity.

diaphysis

cavity that contains fatty yellow marrow in adults and consists primarily of fat cells and a few scattered blood cells

medullary cavity or marrow cavity

A type of elastic connective tissue that provides a smooth surface for movement of joints

articular cartilage

surrounded by a layer of compact bone, within it is red bone marrow

spongy bone

A dense, white, fibrous membrane, that covers the remaining surface of the bone

periosteum

In growing bones, the inner layer that contains the bone forming cells

osteoblasts

Eight bones that enclose and protect the brain and the organs of hearing and equilibrium

cranium (skull)

incomplete bone formation

soft spot

bone that forms the anterior portion of the skull and the roof of the bony cavities that contain the eyeballs

frontal bone

______ bone that is situated on each side of the skull just behind the frontal bone

parietal bone

________ bone forms the back and base of the skull

occipital bone

Two ________ one on each side of the skull, form part of the lower cranium

temporal bones

mandible

lower jaw bone

mastication

chewing

hard palate

roof of the mouth

If the maxillary bones do not fuse properly before birth what congenital defect forms

cleft palate

ankyl/o

stiffness bent crooked

arthr/o

joint

kyph/o

humpback

lamin/o

lamina (part of the vertebral arch)

lord/o

curve | swayback

myel/o

bone marrow | spinal cord

orth/o

straight

oste/o

bone

ped/o, ped/i

foot | child

scoli/o

crooked | bent

thorac/o

chest

acromi/o

acromion (projection of the scapula)

brachi/o

arm

calcane/o

calcaneum | heel bone

carp/o

carpus | wrist bone

cephal/o

head

cervic/o

``` neck cervix uteri (neck of the uterus) ```

clavicul/o

clavicle (collar bone)

cost/o

ribs

crani/o

cranium (skull)

dactyl/o

fingers | toes

femor/o

femur (thigh bone)

fibul/o

fibula (smaller bone of the lower leg)

humer/o

humerus (upper arm bone)

ili/o

ilium (lateral, flaring portion of the hip bone)

ischi/o

ischium (lower portion of the hip bone)

lumb/o

loins (lower back)

metacarp/o

metacarpus (hand bones)

metatars/o

metatarsus (foot bones)

patell/o

patella (kneecap)

pelv/i

pelvis

phalang/o

phalanges (bones of the fingers and toes)

pod/o

foot

pub/o

pelvis bone (anterior part of the pelvic bone)

radi/o

radiation, x-ray | radius (lower arm bone on the thumb side)

spondyl/o, vertebr/o

vertebrae (backbone)

stern/o

sternum (breastbone)

tibi/o

tibia (larger bone of the lower leg)

leiomy/o

smooth muscle (visceral)

muscul/o, my/o

muscle

rhabd/o

rod-shaped (striated muscle)

rhabdomy/o

rod-shaped (striated) muscle

chondr/o

band, fascia (fibrous membrane supporting and separating muscles)

fibr/o

fiber | fibrous tissue

synov/o

synovial membrane | synovial fluid

ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

tendon

-asthenia

weakness | debility

-blast

embryonic cell

-clasia

to break | surgical fracture

-desis

``` binding fixation (of a bone or joint) ```

-physis

growth

-porosis

porous

-sarcoma

malignant tumor of connective tissue

-scopy

visual examination

without | not

dys-

bad painful difficult

sub-

under | below

supra-

above excessive superior

syn-

union together joined

The branch of medicine concerned with prevention, diagnosis, care and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders

othopedics

The physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders

orthopedist

physician who specializes in treating joint disease

rheumatologist

A physician that maintains that good health requires proper alignment of bones, muscles, ligaments, and nerves

doctor of osteopathy (DO)

A broken bone is called a

fracture

A fracture in which the bone is broken but no external wound exists

closed (simple) fracture

A fracture that involves a broken bone and an external wound that leads to the site of fracture

open (compound) fracture

A fracture in which a broken bone has injured an internal organ

complicated fracture

A fracture with a bone that has broken or splintered into pieces

comminuted fracture

A fracture where the bone is broken and one end is wedged into the interior of another bone

impacted fracture

A fracture that occurs when the line of fracture does not completely transverse the entire bone

incomplete fracture

A fracture when the broken bone does not extend through the entire thickness of the bone; that is one side of the bone is broken and one side of the bone is bent

greenstick fracture

A fracture at the lower end of the radius, occurs just above the wrist

colles fracture

A minor fracture in which all portions of the bone are in perfect alignment

hairline fracture

A fracture usually caused by a disease process such as a neoplasm or osteoporosis

Pathological (spontaneous) fracture

An infection process that encompasses all bone components, including bone marrow

osteomyelitis

Bacteria that may travel in the bloodstream

bacteremia

sequestrum

to remove

surgery to remove something

sequestrectomy

intravenously

orally

by mouth

A chronic inflammation of bones, resulting in thickening and softening of bones

Paget disease | osteitis deformans

A common metabolic bone disorder in the elderly, particularly in postmenopausal women.

osteoporosis

osteopenia

bone marrow density

3 common deviations of the spine

scoliosis kyphosis lordosis

An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, either to the right or left is called

scoliosis

An abnormal curvature of the upper portion of the spine is called

kyphosis humpback hunchback

An abnormal inward curvature of a portion of the lower portion of the spine is called

lordosis | swayback

An inflammation of a joint usually accompanied by pain, swelling and, commonly, changes in structure

arthritis

A systemic disease characterized by inflammatory changes in joints and their related structures, results in crippling deformities

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

exacerbations

aggravations

The most common form of arthritis. It is a progressive, degenerative disease that occurs when the protective cartilage at the end of the bones wear down.

Osteoarthritis | degenerative joint disease (DJD)

Development of new bone growth

bone spur | osteophyte

crepitation

crackling sound

A metabolic disease caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the blood

Gout | gout arthritis

nephroliths

renal calculi

A genetic disease, characterized by gradual atrophy and weakening of muscle tissue

Muscular dystrophy

The most common type of muscular dystrophy that affects children, boys more than girls and is transmitted as a sex-linked disease passed from mother to son

Duchenne dystrophy

A neuromuscular disorder, that causes fluctuating weakness of certain skeletal muscle groups ( of the eyes, face and, sometimes, limbs). Characterized by destruction of the receptors in the synaptic region that respond to acetylcholine.

Myasthenia gravis (MG)

Transmits nerve impulses

neurotransmitter

difficulty swallowing

dysphagia

Malignancies that affect bone and arise from bone or bone tissue

primary bone cancer

Malignancies that arise in another region of the body and spread to bone

secondary bone cancer

metastasize

spread

Malignancies that originate from bone, fat, muscle, cartilage, bone marrow, and cells of the lymphatic system are called

sarcomas

What are the 3 major types of sarcomas

fibrosarcoma osteosarcoma Ewing sarcoma

_________ develops in cartilage and generally affects the pelvis, upper legs, and shoulders

Fibrosarcoma

_______ develops from bone tissue and generally affects the knees, upper arms, and upper legs

Osteosarcoma

________ develops from primitive nerve cells in bone marrow. Usually affects the shaft of long bones but may occur in the pelvis or other bones of the arms or legs.

Ewing sarcoma

Stiffing and immobility of a joint as a result of disease, trauma, surgery, or abnormal bone fusion

ankylosis

Deformity characterized by lateral deviation of the great toe as it turns in toward the second toe (angulation) which may case tissue surrounding the joint to become swollen and tender

bunion (hallux valgus)

Painful condition resulting from compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel (wrist canal through which the flexor tendons and the median nerve pass

carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

lameness, limping

claudication

Fibrosis of connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle, or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint

contracture

Dry, grating sound or sensation caused by bone ends rubbing together indicating a fracture or joint destruction

crepitaton

Increase in severity of a disease or any of its symptoms

exacerbation | flare

Fluid-filled tumor that most commonly develops along the tendons or joint of the wrists or hands but may also appear in the feet

ganglion cyst

Effusion of blood into a joint cavity

hemarthrosis

Rupture of a vertebral disks center (nucleus pulposus) through its outer edge and back toward the spinal canal with pressure on the adjacent spinal nerve that results in pain, numbness, or weakness in one or both legs

herniated disk

Loss of muscular tone or a diminished resistance to passive stretching

hypotonia

Malignant tumor of plasma cells (cells that help the body fight infection by producing antibodies) in the bone marrow

multiple myeloma

Perceived sensation following amputation of a limb that the limb still exists

phantom limb

Form of osteomalacia in children caused by vitamin D deficiency

rickets | rachitis

Fragment of necrosed bone that has become separated from surrounding tissue

sequestrum

Any slipping (subluxation) of a vertebra from its normal position in relationship to the one beneath it

spondylolisthesis

Degeneration of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae and related tissue

spondylosis

Tearing of ligament tissue that may be slight, moderate, or complete

sprain

Muscular trauma caused by violent contraction or an excessive forcible stretch

strain

Partial or incomplete dislocation

subluxation

Congenital deformity of one or both feet in which the foot is pulled downward and laterally to the side

talipes equinovarus | clubfoot

Use of electrical stimulation to diagnose the health of muscles and the nerve cells that control them (motor neurons)

electromyography

Procedure that restores a bone to its normal position

reduction

Reduction in which fractured bones are realigned by manipulation rather than surgery

closed

Reduction in which fractured bones are placed in their proper position during surgery

open reduction

Procedures used to restrict movement, stabilize and protect a fracture, and facilitate the healing process

bone immobilization

Bone immobilization by application of a solid, stiff dressing formed with plaster of paris or similar material

casting

Bone immobilization by application of an orthopedic device to the injured body part

splinting

Bone immobilization by application of weights and pulleys to align or immobilize a fracture

traction

Partial or complete removal of an extremity due to trauma or a circulatory disease

amputation

Puncture of a joint space using a needle to remove accumulated fluid

arthrocentesis

Surgical breaking of an ankylosed joint to provide movement

arthroclasia

Visual examination of the interior of a joint and its structures using a thin, flexible fiberoptic scope called an arthroscope that contains a magnifying lens, fiberoptic light, and miniature camera that projects images on a monitor

arthroscopy

Implantation or transplantation of bone tissue from another part of the body or from another person to serve as replacement for damaged or missing bone tissue

bone grafting

Excision of bursa (padlike sac or cavity found in connective tissue, usually in the vicinity of joints)

bursectomy

Replacement of a missing part by an artificial substitute, such as an artificial extremity

prosthesis fitting

Surgery repeated to correct problems of a previously unsuccessful surgery or to replace a worn-out prosthesis

revision surgery

Revision surgery to correct misalignment of bones, broken prostheses, and bone fractures occurring around the prostheses

bone revision surgery

Excision of a sequestrum (segment of necrosed bone)

sequestrectomy

Excision of a synovial membrane

synovectomy

Surgical procedure to replace a hip joint damaged by a degenerative disease, commonly arthritis

total hip replacement

Series of radiographs taken after injection of contrast material into a joint cavity, especially the knee or shoulder, to outline the contour of the joint

arthrography

Noninvasive procedure that uses low-energy x-ray absorption to measure bone mineral density (BMD) and usually measures bones of the spine, hip, and forearm

bone density test | dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

Radiological examination of the intervertebral disk structures with injection of a contrast medium

discography

Radiography of the five lumbar vertebrae and the fused sacral vertebrae, including anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique views of the lower spine

lumbosacral spinal radiography

Radiography of the spinal cord after injection of a contrast medium to identify and study spinal distortions caused by tumors, cysts, herniated intervertebral disks, or other lesions

myelography

Nuclear medicine procedure that visualizes various tissues and organs after administration of a radionuclide

scintigraphy

Scintigraphy in which the radionuclide is injected intravenously and taken up into the bone

bone scintigraphy

ACL

anterior cruciate ligament

barium enema | below the elbow

C1, C2, and so on

first cervical vertebrae, second cervical vertebrae, and so on

calcium | cancer

CDH

congenital dislocation of the hip

CTS

carpal tunnel syndrome

DEXA,DXA

dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry

DJD

degenerative joint disease

doctor of osteopathy

EMG

electromyography

fracture

hemodialysis hip disarticulation hearing distance

HNP

herniated nucleus pulposus | herniated disk

hemipelvectomy

intramuscular | infectious mononucleosis

intracostal space

intravenous

L1, L2, and so on

first lumbar vertebra second lumbar vertebra and so on

lumbosacral

myasthenia gravis

MRI

magnetic resonance imaging

musculoskeletal multiple sclerosis mental status mitral stenosis

NSAIDs

nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs

ORTH, ortho

orthopedics

phosphorus | pulse

PCL

posterior cruciate ligament

rheumatoid arthritis | right atrium

rheumatoid factor | radio frequency

ROM

range of motion

shoulder diarticulation

THA

total hip arthroplasty

THR

total hip replacement

TKA

total knee arthroplasty

TKR

total knee replacement

TRAM

transverse rectus abdominis muscle