- Commonly known as tonsils - located in oropharynx

Chapter 7 Flashcards by Kandace Swagerty

Co2

Carbon dioxide

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Oxygen

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Ventilation

Breathing

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Acidity/alkalinity

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A chamber lined with mucous membranes and cilia

Nasal cavity

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Tiny hairs in nose

Cilia

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Vertical partition of cartilage that divides the nose into left and right sides

Nasal septum

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Pharynx

Throat

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3 sections of the nose

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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Adenoids

Pharyngeal tonsils

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Palatine tonsils

Commonly known as tonsils

- located in oropharynx

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Larynx

Voice box

Contains the structures that make vocal sounds possible

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Epiglottis

Leaf shaped structure on top of the larynx

Seals off the air passage to the lungs during swallowing

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Trachea

Windpipe

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2 branches that the trachea divides into

Called bronchi and one branch leads to left lung and the other right lung

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Mucous membrane (mucosa)

Make up the inner walls of the trachea and bronchi

Embedded with cilia

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Bronchioles

Bronchus divided into smaller and smaller branches

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Alveoli

At the end of the bronchioles

Tiny air sacs

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Pulmonary capillaries

Lie next to the thin tissue membranes of the alveoli

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Mediastinum

The space between the right and left lungs

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Pleura

Covers the lobes of the lungs and folds over to line the walls of the thoracic cavity

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Visceral pleura

The membrane lying closest to the lung

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Parietal pleura

The membrane that lines the thoracic cavity

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Pleural cavity

The space between the visceral and parietal pleura

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Diaphragm

Large muscular partition | Lies between the chest and abdominal cavities

Inspiration

Drawing air into the lungs

Tasteless, colorless, odorless gas produced by body cells during metabolism

Carbon dioxide CO2

Tough, elastic connective tissue that is more rigid than ligaments but less dense than bone

cartilage

To move or spread out a substance at random, rather than by chemical reaction or application of external forces

diffuse

Moist tissue layer lining hollow organs and cavities of the body that open to the environment

Mucous membrane | mucosa

Tasteless, odorless, colorless gas essential for human respiration

oxygen (O2)

Symbol that indicates degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance

Wall dividing 2 cavaties

septum

Thin layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities and secretes a fluid that keeps the membrane moist

serous membrane | serosa

air that leaves the lungs

expiration

Involuntary action that moves air into and out of the lungs in response to changes in blood O2 and CO2 levels and nervous stimulation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles

Pulmonary ventilation | breathing

The exchange of O2 and CO2 between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries

external respiration

Occurs when blood, aided by the cardiovascular system, transports CO2 to the lungs and O2 to the body

transportation of respiratory gases

The exchange of O2 and CO2 between body cells and the blood in systemic capillaries

Internal respirationq

nas/o

nose

rhin/o

nose

sept/o

septum

sinus/o

sinus, cavity

adenoid/o

adenoids

tonsill/o

tonsils

pharyng/o

pharynx | throat

laryng/o

larynx | voice box

trache/o

trachea | wind pipe

bronchi/o

bronchus

bronch/o

bronchus

bronchiol/o

bronchiole

alveol/o

alveolus | air sac

pleur/o

pleura

pneum/o

air | lung

pneumon/o

air | lung

pulmon/o

lung

anthrac/o

coal | coal dust

atel/o

incomplete | imperfect

coni/o

dust

cyan/o

blue

lob/o

lobe

orth/o

straight

ox/i

oxygen

ox/o

oxygen

pector/o

chest

steth/o

chest

thorac/o

chest

phren/o

diaphragm | mind

spir/o

breathe

-capnia

carbon dioxide (CO2)

-osmia

smell

-phonia

voice

-pnea

breathing

-ptysis

spitting

-thorax

chest

brady-

slow

dys-

bad painful difficult

eu-

good | normal

tachy-

rapid

Medical specialty concerned with disorders of the respiratory system

pulmonology

The physician who treats respiratory system disorders

pulmonologist

Spasms produced by asthma in the bronchial passages

bronchospasms

Coughing episodes that produce large amounts of mucus

productive cough

flare-ups

exacerbations

Agents that loosen and break down mucus

mucolytics

medications that expand the bronchi

bronchodilators

Inflammation of the bronchi caused mainly by smoking and air pollution

chronic bronchitis

Bronchodilators and medications that aid in the removal of mucus and help widen air passages

expectorants

A disease that is characterized by decreased elasticity of the alveoli

Emphysema

Most emphysema sufferers find it easier to breathe when sitting upright or standing erect

orthopnea

An acute infectious respiratory viral disease

Influenza (flu)

worldwide epidemics

pandemics

muscle pain

myalgia

Any abnormal fluid in the pleural cavity, the space between the visceral and parietal pleura

pleural effusion

Listening to sounds made by organs of the body using a stethoscope

Auscultation

Gentle tapping on the chest with fingers and listening to the resultant sounds to determine the position, size, or consistency of underlying structures

Percussion

Noninflammatory fluid that resembles serum but with slightly less protein

transudate

Usually high in protein and commonly contains blood and immune cells

exudate

pleural effusion serum

hydrothorax

pleural effusion pus

empyema | pyothorax

pleural effusion blood

hemothorax

pleural space

pneumothorax

Surgical puncture of the chest using a hollow-bone needle

thoracocentesis | thoracentesis

A communicable disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB)

Droplets of respiratory secretions

droplet nuclei

keeps it alive

viable

AFB

acid-fast bacillus

The first time the TB organism enters the body

primary tuberculosis

TB eventually produces typical inflammatory nodules

granulomas

granulomas that encase the organism

tubercles

When the immune system becomes impaired

immunocompromised

using several antibioltics

combination therapy

Any inflammatory disease of the lung

Pneumonia

Potentially fatal pneumonia may result from food or liquid inhalation

aspiration pneumonias

pneumonias that affect only one lobe of the lung

lobar pneumonia

more diffuse pneumonia

bronchopneumonia

spitting of blood

hemoptysis

lung tissue looses its spongy texture and becomes swollen and engorged

consolidation

PCP

Pneumocystis pneumonia

Organisms that reside in or on most people

normal flora

When the immune system begins to fail, this organism becomes infectious

opportunistic

bronchial washings

lavage

A hereditary disorder of the exocrine glands that causes the body to secrete extremely thick mucus

viscous

Medications in the form of mists

aerosols

Important diagnostic test that measures the amount of salt excreted in sweat

sweat test

Condition in which the lungs no longer function effectively, threatening the life of the patient

Acute Respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Major infections that affect the entire body

systemic infections

Major infection that affect the blood

sepsis

Alveoli fill with fluid

edema

HMD

Hyaline membrane disease | a form of respiratory distress syndrome

IRDS

Infant respiratory distress syndrome

A phospholipid substance that helps keep alveoli open

surfactant

nares

nostrils

cyanosis

blueness

tachypnea

rapid breathing

Membrane that has a ground-glass appearance

hyaline membrane

A malignancy that arises from the epithelium of the bronchial tree

Lung cancer | bronchogenic carcinoma

Metastasize

spread

Excessive acidity of body fluids

acidosis

Absence of the sense of smell

anosmia

Temporary loss of breathing

apnea

sleeping disorder in which breathing stops repeatedly for more than 10 seconds, causing measurable blood deoxygenation

sleep apnea

Condition caused by insufficient intake of oxygen

asphyxia

Collapsed or airless state of the lung, which may be acute or chronic and affects all or part of a lung

atelectasis

Repeated breathing pattern characterized by fluctuation in the depth of respiration: first deeply, then shallow, then not at all

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

Acute inflammation of the membranes of the nose; also called head cold or upper respiratory infection (URI)

Coryza

Abnormal respiratory sound heard on auscultation, caused by exudates, spasms, hyperplasia, or when air enters moisture-filled alveoli

crackle

Common childhood condition involving inflammation of the larynx, trachea, bronchial passages and, sometimes, lungs

croup | CROOP

Displacement of cartilage dividing the nostrils that causes reduced airflow and, sometimes, nosebleed

deviated nasal septum

Severe, life-threatening infection of the epiglottis and supraglottic structures that occurs most commonly in children between 2 and 12 years of age

epiglottitis

Nasal hemorrhage; also called nosebleed

epistaxis

Enlargement of the terminal phalanges of the fingers and toes commonly associated with pulmonary disease

finger clubbing

Oxygen deficiency in arterial blood; usually a sign of respiratory impairment

hypoxemia

Oxygen deficiency in body tissues; usually a sign of respiratory impairment

hypoxia

Acute, infectious disease characterized by a cough that has a "whoop" sound; also called whooping cough

pertussis

Inflammation of the pleural membrane characterized by stabbing pain that is intensified by coughing or deep breathing; also called pleuritis

pleurisy

Disease caused by inhaling dust particles

pneumoconiosis

Accumulation of extravascular fluid in lung tissue and alveoli, most commonly caused by heart failure

pulmonary edema

Blockage in an artery of the lungs caused by a mass of undissolved matter

pulmonary embolism

Abnormal breath sound heard on auscultation of an obstructed airway

rhonchus

High-pitched, harsh, adventitious breath sound caused by a spasm or swelling of the larynx or an obstruction in the upper airway

stridor

Completely unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently normal, healthy infant, usually less than age 12 months; also called crib death

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Whistling or sighing sound heard on auscultation that results from narrowing of the lumen of the respiratory passageway

wheeze

Lung treatment using various techniques to deliver medication in mist form directly to the lungs or air passageways

aerosol therapy

Washing or irrigating of the paranasal sinuses to remove mucopurulent material in an immunosuppressed patient or one with know sinusitis that has failed medical management

antral lavage

Noninvasive method of monitoring the percentage of hemoglobin (Hb) saturated with oxygen

oximetry | pulse oximetry

Test of sleep cycles and stages using continuous recordings of brain waves (EEGs), electrical activity of muscles, eye movement, respiratory rate, blood pressure, blood oxygen saturation, heart rhythm and sometimes, direct observation of the person during sleep using a video camera

polysomngraphy

Method of positioning a patient so that gravity aids in the drainage of secretions from the bronchi and lobes of the lungs

postural drainage

Variety of tests used to evaluate respiratory function, the ability of the lungs to take in and expel air as well as perform gas exchange across the alveolocapillary membrane

pulmonary function test (PFTs)

PFT that measures the breathing capacity of the lungs, including the time necessary for exhaling the total volume of inhaled air

spirometry

Procedure in which a plastic tube is inserted into the trachea to maintain an open airway

endotracheal intubation

Excision of part of the pleura, usually the parietal pleura

pleurectomy

Excision of a lung or a portion of the lung, commonly for treatment of cancer

pneumectomy

Surgical repair of a deviated nasal septum usually performed when the septum is encroaching on the breathing passages or nasal structures

septoplasty

Surgical puncture and drainage of the pleural cavity

thoracentesis | pleurocentesis

Surgical procedure in which an opening is made in the neck and into the trachea into which a breathing tube may be inserted

tracheostomy

Intradermal test to determine tuberculin sensitivity based on a positive reaction where the area around the test site becomes red and swollen

Mantoux test

Visual examination of the bronchi using an endoscope (flexible fiberoptic or rigid) inserted through the mouth and trachea for direct viewing of structures or for projection on a monitor

bronchoscopy

Visual examination of the larynx to detect tumors, foreign bodies, nerve or structural injury, or other abnormalities

laryngoscopy

Visual examination of the mediastinal structures, including the heart, trachea, esophagus, bronchus, thymus, and lymph nodes

mediastinoscopy

Test that measures dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood

arterial blood gas (ABG)

Microbial test used to identify disease-causing organisms of the lower respiratory tract, especially those that cause pneumonias

sputum culture

Measurement of the amount of salt (sodium chloride) in sweat

sweat test

Test used to identify pathogens, especially group A strtococci

throat culture

Minimally invasive imaging that combines computed tomography scanning and angiography to produce images of the pulmonary arteries

computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA)

Nuclear test scan that evaluates both airflow (ventilation) and blood flow (perfusion) in the lungs for evidence of a blood clot in the lungs

ventilation-profusion (V-Q) scan

ABG

arterial blood gas

AFB

acid-fast bacillus

ARDS

acute respiratory distress syndrome

cancer

COPD

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

CPAP

continuous positive airway pressure

CPR

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

computed tomography

CTPA

computed tomography pulmonary angiography

CXR

chest x-ray | chest radiograph

DPI

dry powder inhaler

DPT

diptheria pertussis tetanus

Hb, Hgb

hemoglobin

HMD

hyaline membrane disease

IRDS

infant respiratory distress syndrome

MDI

metered-dose inhaler

MRI

magnetic resonance imaging

NMT

nebulized mist treatment

posteroanterior | pernicious anemia

Pco2

partial pressure of carbon dioxide

PCP

pneumocystis carinii pneumonia | primary care physician

PFT

pulmonary function test

PND

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

respiratory distress

RDS

respiratory distress syndrome

SIDS

sudden infant death syndrome

SOB

shortness of breath

T&A

tonsillextomy and adenoidectomy

tuberculosis

URI

upper respiratory infection