Flashcards in Chapter 9 Deck (218):
0
Connective tissue composed of a liquid medium in which solid components are suspended
plasma
1
red blood cells
erythrocytes
2
white blood cells
leukocytes
3
platelets
thrrombocytes
4
embryonic
blastic
5
The development of blood cells to their mature form
hematopoiesis
hemotopoiesis
6
red cell development
erythropoiesis
7
A specialized iron-containing compound that gives red blood cells their red color
hemoglobin (Hb, Hgb)
8
Protective protein produced by B lymphocytes in response to the presence of a foreign substance called an antigen
antibody (Ab)
9
Substance, recognized as harmful to the host, that stimulates formation of antibodies in an immunocompetent individual
antigen
10
Substance derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted by the liver
bile pigment
11
Chemical substance produced by certain cells that initiates, inhibits, increases, or decreases activity in other cells
cytokine
12
Ability to develop an immune response or recognize antigens and respond to them
immunocompetent
13
Specialized lymphocytes that kill abnormal cells by releasing chemicals that destroy the cell membrane, causing its intercellular fluids to leak out
natural killer (NK) cells
14
WBCs migrate through endothelial walls of capillaries and venules, and enter tissue spaces by a process called
diapedesis
15
red acidic dye
eosin
16
alkaline
basic
17
_______ contain granules that stain a pale lilac color
Neutrophils
18
_________ contain granules that stain red because of their affinity for the red acid dye eosin
Eosinophils
19
_______ contain granules that stain dark purple because of their affinity for the purple alkaline (basic) dye
Basophils
20
The main function of basophils is to release _______ and ________ at sites of injury
histamines
heparin
21
_______ arise in the bone marrow from stem cells but mature in lymph tissue.
Agranulocytes
22
Unlike granulocytes that typically have lobed nuclei, agranulocytes have nuclei that do not form lobes. They are called
mononuclear leukocytes (MNLs)
23
Lymphocytes include
B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells
24
The smallest formed elements found in blood
platelets or thrombocytes
25
Control of bleeding
hemostasis
26
A substance released by injured tissue that initiates clot formation
thromboplastin
27
a soluble blood protein
fibrinogen
28
The jellylike mass of blood cells and fibrin
thrombus or blood clot
29
albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen
plasma proteins
30
Fluid in which lymphocytes and monocytes are suspended
lymph
31
a network of transporting vessels
lymph vessels
32
As whole blood circulates a small amount of plasma seeps from blood capillaries this fluid is called
interstitial or tissue fluid
33
closed ended microscopic vessels
lymph capillaries
34
Lymph vessels from the right chest and arm join the
right lymphatic duct
35
The right lymphatic duct drains into the
right subclavian vein
36
Lymph from different areas throughout the body enters the _________ and drains into the __________
thoracic duct
left subclavian vein
37
__________ resembles a lymph node because it acts as a filter by removing cellular debris, bacteria, parasites, and other infectious agents.
spleen
38
_______ is located in the upper part of the chest
thymus
39
_______ are masses of lymphatic tissue located in the pharynx. The act as filters to protect the upper respiratory structures from invasion by pathogens
tonsils
40
Numerous body defenses that work together to protect against disease
resistance
41
Forms of resistance present at birth are said to be
innate
42
The most complicated type of body resistance develops after birth in an immunocompetent individual. This type of immunity is a lifelong monitoring system that remains vigilant to disease causing microbes and other potentially dangerous substances
Acquired immunity
43
After a brief stay in the vascular system, monocytes enter tissue spaces and become highly phagcytic
macrophages
44
2 types of _______, B cells and T cells, are the active cells of the adaptive immune response
Lymphocytes
45
________ is the component of the specific immune system that protects primarily against extracellular antigens, such as bacteria and viruses that have not yet entered a cell
Humoral immunity
46
B cells produce a clone of cells called ______ that produce highly specific proteins called _______
plasma cells
antibodies
47
If an antibody encounters its matching antigen, it attaches to it and forms
antigen antibody complex
48
_________ is the component of the specific immune system that protects primarily against intracellular antigens, such as viruses and cancer cells
Cellular immunity
49
________ is the cell that actually destroys the invading agent
cytotoxix T cell
50
________ is essential to the proper functioning of both humoral and cellular immunity.
helper T cell
51
chemical messengers called _______ activate, direct, and regulate the activity of most of the other components of the immune system.
cytokines
52
________ monitors the progression of infection
suppressor T cell
53
__________ find their way to the lymph system and remain there long after the encounter with the antigen, ready for combat if the antigen reappears.
memory T cells
54
aden/o
gland
55
agglutin/o
clumping
gluing
56
bas/o
base (alkaline, opposite of acid)
57
blast/o
embryonic
58
chrom/o
color
59
eosin/o
dawn
60
erythr/o
red
61
granul/o
granule
62
hem/o, hemat/o
blood
63
immun/o
immune
immunity
safe
64
kary/o, nucle/o
nucleus
65
leuk/o
white
66
lymphaden/o
lymph gland (node)
67
lymph/o
lymph
68
lymphangi/o
lymph vessel
69
morph/o
form
shape
structure
70
myel/o
bone marrow
spinal cord
71
neutr/o
neutral
neither
72
phag/o
formation
growth
73
poikil/o
varied
irregular
74
reticulo
net
mesh
75
ser/o
serum
76
sider/o
iron
77
splen/o
spleen
78
thromb/o
blood clot
79
thym/o
thymus gland
80
xen/o
foreign
strange
81
-blast
embryonic
cell
82
-emia
blood
condition
83
-globin
protein
84
-graft
transplantation
85
-osis
abnormal condition
increase (used primarily with blood cells)
86
-penia
decrease
deficiency
87
-phil
attraction for
88
-phoresis
carring
transmission
89
-phylaxis
protection
90
-poiesis
formation
production
91
-stasis
standing still
92
a-
without
not
93
allo-
other
differing from normal
94
aniso-
unequal
dissimilar
95
iso-
same
equal
96
macro-
large
97
micro-
small
98
mono-
one
99
poly-
many
much
100
The branch of medicine that studies blood cells, blood-clotting mechanisms, bone marrow, and lymph nodes
Hematology
101
The physician who specializes in the branch of hemotology medicine
hemotologist
102
The branch of medicine involving disorders of the immune system, including asthma and anaphylaxis, adverse reactions to drugs, autoimmune disease, organ transplantations, and malignancies of the immune system.
Allergy and immunology
103
A deficiency of erythrocytes or hemoglobin in the blood
Anemia
104
excessive blood loss
hemorrhagic anemia
105
excessive blood cell destruction
hemolytic anemia
106
decreased blood formation within bone marrow
aplastic anemia
107
difficulty breathing
dyspnea
108
tachycardia
rapid heartbeat
109
pallor
paleness
110
hypotension
low blood pressure
111
Serious form of anemia associated with bone marrow failure and resulting in erythropenia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia
Aplastic (hypoplastic)
112
Inability to produce sufficient red blood cells (RBCs) due to the lack of folic acid, a B vitamin essential for erythropoiesis
Folic-acid deficiency anemia
113
Destruction of RBCs, commonly resulting in jaundice
Hemolytic
114
Lack of sufficient iron in RBCs
Iron-deficiency anemia
115
Chronic, progressive anemia found mostly in people older than age 50 due to lack of sufficient vitamin B12 needed for blood cell development
Pernicious anemia
116
Inherited anemia that causes RBCs to become crescent or sickle shaped when oxygen levels are low
sickle cell anemia
117
An infectious disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus HIV, which slowly destroys the immune system
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
118
infections that usually do not affect healthy individuals
opportunistic infections
119
when the immune system becomes weak
immunocompromised
120
Kaposi sarcoma
a neoplastic disorder
121
An acquired abnormal immune response
allergy
122
initial exposure
sensitization
123
urticaria
hives
124
indurated
hardened
125
An immunotherapy treatment to desensitize the patient and reduce the reaction of the patient to the offending allergen
allergy shot
126
The failure of the body to distinguish accurately between "self" and "nonself"
Autoimmunity
127
affect many organs and tissues
multisystemic
128
A chronic, progressive autoimmune neuromuscular disease that affects the voluntary muscles of the body causing sporadic weakness
Myasthenia gravis
129
RA
rheumatoid arthritis
130
SLE
systemic lupus erythematosus
131
exacerbations
flare-up
132
remissions
latency
133
An abnormal accumulation of fluids in the intercellular spaces of the body
Edema
134
Decrease in the blood protein level
hypoproteinemia
135
limited to a specific area
localized
136
Medication that promotes urination
diuretics
137
A hereditary disorder in which the blood-clotting mechanism is impaired
Hemophilia
bleeder's disease
138
A deficiency in clotting factor VIII
hemophilia A
139
A deficiency in clotting factor IX
hemophilia B
140
hematomas
blood seepage
141
blood enters a joint
hemarthrosis
142
Infectious mononucleosis
one of the acute infections caused by the Epstein-Barr virus
143
gingivitis
gum infection
144
enlarged liver
hepatomegaly
145
enlarged spleen
splenomegaly
146
An oncological disorder of the blood forming organs, characterized by an overgrowth of blood cells
Leukemia
147
proliferation
overgrowth
148
blastic
highly embryonic
149
A malignant disease of the lymph system, primarily the lymph nodes
Hodgkin disease
Hodgkin lymphoma
150
dyspnea
difficulty breathing
151
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
152
A malignancy of connective tissue, including bone, fat, muscle, and fibrous tissue
Kaposi sarcoma
153
Abnormal activation of the proteins involved in blood coagulation, causing small blood clots to form in vessels and cutting off the supply of oxygen to distal tissue
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
154
Process in which a recipients immune system attacks a transplanted organ or tissue
graft rejection
155
Complication that occurs following a stem cell or bone marrow transplant in which the transplant produces antibodies against recipients organs that can be severe enough to cause death
graft-versus-host
156
Localized accumulation of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue due to a break in or severing of a blood vessel
hematoma
157
Any disorder caused by abnormalities in the hemoglobin molecule
hemoglobinopathy
158
Any disease of the lymph nodes
lymphadenopathy
159
Swelling, primarily in a single arm or leg, due to an accumulation of lymph within tissues caused by obstruction or disease in the lymph vessels
lymphedema
160
Malignant tumor of plasma cells (cells that help the body fight infection by producing antibodies) in bone marrow
multiple myeloma
161
Presence of bacteria or their toxins in the blood
sepsis
162
Widespread autoimmune disease that may affect the skin, brain, kidneys, and joints and causes chronic inflammation
systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE)
163
Overproduction of platelets, leading to thrombosis or bleeding disorders due to platelet malformations
thrombocythemia
164
Abnormal decrease in platelets caused by low production of platelets in the bone marrow or increased destruction of platelets in the blood vessels, spleen, or liver
thrombocytopenia
165
Bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency of von willebrand factor, a "sticky" protein that lines blood vessels and reacts with platelets to form a plug that leads to clot formation
Von Willebrand disease
166
Any form of treatment that alters, enhances, stimulates or restores the bodys natural immune mechanisms to treat disease
Immunotherapy
167
Injection with increasing strengths of the offending antigen given over a period of months or years to increase tolerance to an antigen responsible for sever allergies
allergy injections
168
Use of immune system stimulators to enhance the immune response in the treatment of certain forms of cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and Crohn disease
biological
169
Removal of a small sample of bone marrow using a thin aspirating needle for microscopic examination
bone marrow aspiration
170
Infusion of healthy bone marrow stem cells after the diseased bone marrow is destroyed by chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy; used to treat leukemia, aplastic anemia, and certain cancers
bone marrow transplant
171
Infusion of the patients own bone marrow or stem cells after a course of chemotherapy and/or radiation
autologous
172
Infusion of bone marrow or stem cells from a compatible donor after a course of chemotherapy and/or radiation
homologous
173
Removal of lymph nodes, especially in surgical procedures undertaken to remove malignant tissue
lymphadenectomy
174
Removal of the fist node (sentinel node) that receives drainage from cancer containing areas and the one most likely to contain malignant cells
sentinel node excision
175
Infusion of blood or blood products form one person (donor) to another person (recipient)
transfusion
176
Test to identify antibodies that attack the nucleus of the individuals own body cells (auto-antibodies)
antinuclear antibody (ANA)
177
Test to determine the presence of pathogens in the bloodstream
blood culture
178
Series of tests that includes hemoglobin; hematocrit; red and white cell counts, platelet count; and differential (diff)count; also called hemogram
complete blood count (CBC)
179
Non specific rapid serological test for the presence of the heterophile antibody, which develops several days after infection by Epstein- Barr virus, the organism that caused infectious mononucleosis
monospot
180
Test that measures the length of time it takes blood to clot to screen for deficiencies of some clotting factors
partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
181
Test that measures the time it takes for prothrombin to form a clot
prothrombin time (PT)
182
Test used to diagnose pernicious anemia by determining if the body properly absorbs vitamin B12 through the digestive tract
shilling test
183
Highly sensitive imaging procedure that detects lesions and changes in bone tissue and bone marrow, especially in multiple myeloma
bone marrow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
184
Visualization of lymphatic channels and lymph nodes using a contrast medium to determine blockages or other pathologies of the lymph system
lymphangiography
185
Introduction of a radioactive tracer into the lymph channels to determine lymph flow, identify obstructions, and locate the sentinel node
lymphoscintigraphy
186
AB, Ab, ab
antibody
abortion
187
A, B, AB, O
blood types in ABO blood group
188
AIDS
acquired immune deficiency syndrome
189
ALL
acute lymphocytic leukemia
190
ANA
antinuclear antibody
191
APC
antigen-presenting cell
192
APTT
activated partial thromboplastin time
193
BMT
bone marrow transplant
194
CBC
complete blood count
195
CLL
chronic lymphocytic leukemia
196
CML
chronic myelogenous leukemia
197
DIC
disseminated intravascular coagulation
198
diff
differential count (white blood cell count
199
DVT
deep vein thrombosis; deep venous thrombosis
200
EBV
Epstein-Barr virus
201
GVHID
graft-versus-host disease
202
eos
eosinophil (type of white blood cell)
203
Hb, Hgb
hemoglobin
204
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
205
Igs
immunoglobulins
206
MNL
mononuclear leukocytes
207
NK cell
natural killer cell
208
PCP
primary care physician
pneumonia
209
PMN
polymorphonuclear
210
PMNL, poly
polymorphonuclear leukocyte
211
PT
prothrombin time
physical therapy
212
PTT
partial thromboplastin time
213
RA
right atrium
rheumatoid arthritis
214
RBC, rbc
red blood cell
215
segs
segmented neutrophils
216
SLE
systemic lupus erythematosus
217