Flashcards in Chapter 8 Deck (229):
0
The pumping action of the heart propels blood that contains oxygen, nutrients, and other vital products from the heart to body cells through a vast network of blood vessels called
arteries
1
Arteries branch into smaller vessels called
venules
2
venules combine to form
veins
3
Portion of the nervous system that regulates involuntary actions, such as heart rate, digestion, and peristalsis
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
4
Flat, leaf shaped structure that comprises the valves of the heart and prevents backflow of blood
leaflet
5
Tubular space or channel within an organ or structure of the body; space within an artery, vein, intestine, or tube
lumen
6
Backflow or ejecting of contents through and opening
regurgitation
7
Circular muscle found in a tubular structure or hollow organ that constricts or dilates to regulate passage of substances through its opening
sphincter
8
Narrowing of the lumen of a blood vessel that limits blood flow, usually as a result of diseases, medications, or physiological processes
vasoconstriction
9
Widening of the lumen of a blood vessel caused by the relaxing of the muscles of the vascular walls
vasodilation
10
state of being sticky or gummy
viscosity
11
3 major types of vessels
artery
capillary
vein
They carry blood throughout the body
12
The walls of arteries have 3 layers to provide toughness and elasticity
tunica externa
tunica media
tunica intima
13
The outer coat of an arterie composed of connective tissue that provides strength and flexibility
tunica externa
14
the middle layer of an arterie composed of smooth muscle
tunica media
15
Depending on the needs of the body the tunica media can alter the size of the _______ of the vessel
lumen
16
Vasoconstriction results in
decreased blood flow
17
Vasodilation results in
increased blood flow
18
The thin lining of the lumen of a vessel composed of endothelial cells that provide a smooth surface on the inside of the vessel
tunica intima
19
The surge of blood felt in arteries when blood is pumped from the heart is referred to as a
pulse
20
Oxygenated blood travels to smaller arteries called
arterioles
21
Microscopic vessels that join the arterial system with the venous system
capillaries
22
return blood to the heart
veins
23
veins are formed from smaller vessels called _______that develop from the union of capillaries
venules
24
Small structures within veins that prevent the backflow of blood
valves
25
A muscular pump that propels blood to the entire body through a closed vascular network
heart
26
The heart is found in a sac called
pericardium
27
3 layers of the heart
endocardium
myocardium
epicardium
28
A serous membrane that lines the 4 chambers of the heart and its valves and is continuous with the endothelium of the arteries and veins
endocardium
29
The muscular layer of the heart
myocardium
30
the outermost layer of the heart
epicardium
31
4 chambers of the heart
right atrium (RA)
left atrium (LA)
right ventricle (RV)
left ventricle (LV)
32
The right and left atrium do what
collect blood
33
The right and left ventricle do what
pump blood from the heart
34
The right ventricle pumps blood to the ________ for oxygenation and the left ventricle pumps blood to the _________
lungs (pulmonary circulation)
entire body (systemic circulation)
35
Collects and carries blood from the upper body
superior vena cava
36
collects and carries blood from the lower body
inferior vena cava
37
From the right atrium blood passes through the ______
tricuspid valve consisting of 3 leaflets to the right ventricle
38
When the heart contracts blood leaves the right ventricle by way of the
left and right pulmonary arteries and travels to the lungs
39
prevents regurgitation of blood into the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery
pulmonic valve (pulmonary semilunar valve)
40
Pulmonary capillaries unite to form 4 pulmonary veins
2 right pulmonary veins
2 left pulmonary veins
41
Blood passes to the left ventricle through the
mitral (bicuspid) valve
42
Upon contraction of the ventricles the oxygenated blood leaves the heart through the largest artery of the body the
aorta
43
The aorta contains _________ that permits blood flow in only one direction- from the left ventricle to the aorta
aortic semilunar valve (aortic valve)
44
The artery vascularizing the right side of the heart is the
right coronary artery
45
The artery vascularizing the left side of the heart is the
left coronary artery
46
The left coronary artery divides into 2 branches
left anterior descending artery
circumflex artery
47
specialized cardiac tissue in the heart that has the sole function of initiating and spreading contraction impulses
conduction tissue
48
Without being stimulated by external nerves _______ has the ability to initiate and propagate each heartbeat, thereby setting the basic pace for the cardiac rate
sinoatrial (SA) node
pacemaker
49
The cardiac rate may be altered by impulses from the
autonomic nervous system
50
Each electrical impulse discharged by the SA node is transmitted to the ________causing the atria to contract
atrioventricular (AV) node
51
A tract of conduction fibers called the ________ composed of a right and left branch, relays the impulse to the ________.
bundle of His (AV bundle)
Purkinje fibers
52
Impulse transmission through the conduction system generates weak electrical impulses on the surface of the body. These impulses can be recorded on graph paper by an instrument called an
electrocardiograph
53
The depolarization (contraction) of the atria
P wave
54
The depolarization (contraction) of the ventricles
QRS complex
55
Appears a short time after the QRS complex, is the repolarization (recovery) of the ventricles
T wave
56
The force exerted by blood against the arterial walls during 2 phases of a heartbeat
blood pressure (BP)
57
The contraction phase when the blood is forced out of the heart
systole
58
the relaxation phase when the ventricles are filling with blood
diastole
59
Blood pressure is measured with a ________ and is recorded as 2 figures separated by a diagonal line.
sphygmomanometer
60
thickness, of blood
viscosity
61
widened blood vessel
aneurysm/o
62
vessel (usually blood or lymph)
angi/o
vascul/o
63
aort/o
aorta
64
arteri/o
artery
65
arteriol/o
arteriole
66
atri/o
atrium
67
ather/o
fatty plaque
68
cardi/o
heart
69
coron/o
heart
70
electr/o
electricity
71
embol/o
embolus (plug)
72
hemangi/o
blood vessel
73
my/o
muscle
74
phleb/o
vein
75
ven/o
vein
76
scler/o
hardening
sclera (white of eye)
77
sept/o
septum
78
sphygm/o
pulse
79
sten/o
narrowing
stricture
80
thromb/o
blood clot
81
valv/o
valve
82
valvul/o
valve
83
vas/o
vessel
vas deferens
duct
84
ventricul/o
ventricle (of the heart or brain)
85
-cardia
heart condition
86
-gram
record
writing
87
-graph
instrument for recording
88
-graphy
process of recording
89
-stenosis
narrowing
stricture
90
brady-
slow
91
endo-
in
within
92
extra-
outside
93
peri-
around
94
trans-
across
95
angina
chest pain
96
dyspnea
breathing difficulties
97
arrhythmias
cardiac irregularities
98
syncope
loss of consciousness
99
The medical specialty concerned with disorders of the cardiovascular system
cardiology
100
the physician who treats disorders of the cardiovascular system
cadiologist
101
A progressive degenerative disease of arterial walls that causes them to become thickened and brittle
Arteriosclerosis
102
atheroma hardens
artherosclerosis
103
If the thrombus dislodges and travels through the vascular system
embolus
plural emboli
104
Arterial emboli that completely block circulation cause localized tissue death
infarct
105
A partial blocking of circulation causes localized tissue anemia
ischemia
106
elevated level of fatty substances in the blood
hyperlipidemia
107
When occluding material and plaque are removed from teh innermost layer of the artery
endarterectomy
108
Any disease that interferes with the ability of the coronary arteries to supply blood to the myocardium
coronary artery disease (CAD)
109
diaphoresis
profuse sweating
110
pallor
paleness
111
dyspnea
labored breathing
112
tachycardia
rapid heart rate
113
bradycardia
slow heart rate
114
A hollow thin mesh tube placed on a balloon and positioned against an artery wall
stent
115
An inflammation of the inner lining of the heart and its valves
endocarditis
116
Bacteria traveling in the bloodstream
bacteremia
117
Bacteria traveling in the bloodstream may lodge in the weakened heart tissue and form small masses
vegetations
118
backflow of blood
regurgitation
119
stenosis
narrow
120
insufficiency
not close properly
121
Patients who are susceptible to endocarditis are given antibiotic treatment to protect against infection before invasive procedures
prophylactic treatment
122
Enlarged, engorged, twisted, superficial veins
varicose veins
123
When varicose veins develop in the esophagus
varices
124
when varicose veins develop in the rectum
hemorrhoids
125
A type of varicose vein which appears as small blue veins seen through the skin and "spider" veins
telangiectases
126
vein inflammation
phlebitis
127
The most common primary tumor of the heart composed of mucous connective tissue
myxoma
128
fluid in the lungs
pulmonary edema
129
joint pain
arthralgia
130
darkly pigmented mole or tumor
malignant melanoma
131
Mild to severe suffocating pain that typically occurs in the chest and is caused by an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium
angina
132
Irregularity in the rate or rhythm of the heart
arrhythmia
dysrhythmia
133
Arrhythmia in which there is an abnormally rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium that can affect the atria or the ventricles
fibrillation
134
Arrhythmia in which there is interference with the normal transmission of electric impulses from the SA node to the Purkinje fibers
heart block
135
Arrhythmia in which there is a fast but regular rhythm, with the heart possibly beating up to 200 beats/minute
tachycardia
136
Hardening and narrowing of an artery along with the loss of its elasticity
arteriosclerosis
137
Form of arteriosclerosis characterized by the deposit of plaques containing cholesterol and lipids that narrows the lumen in the arteries
atherosclerosis
138
Narrowing of the carotid arteries, usually caused by artherosclerosis; may eventually lead to thrombus formation and stroke
carotid artery disease
139
Soft blowing sound heard on auscultation, associated valvular action or with the movement of blood as it passes an obstruction or both
bruit
murmur
140
Disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function
cardiomyopathy
141
Narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta
coarctation
142
Condition in which a mass (commonly a blood clot) becomes lodged in a blood vessel, obstructing blood flow
embolism
143
Excessive amounts of lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides) in the blood
hyperlipidemia
144
Elevated blood pressure persistently higher than 140/90 mm Hg
hypertension (HTN)
145
Low blood pressure persistently lower than 90/60 mm Hg
hypotension
146
Localized tissue necrosis due to the cessation of blood supply
infarction
147
Structural defect in which the mitral (bicuspid) valve leaflets prolapse into the left atrium during ventricular contraction (systole), resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood
mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
148
Sensation of an irregular heartbeat, commonly described as pounding, racing, skipping a beat, or flutter
palpitation
149
Inflammation of a deep or superficial vein of the arms or legs (more commonly the legs)
phlebitis
150
Partial or complete loss of consciousness that is usually caused by a decreased supply of blood to the brain
syncope
fainting
151
Abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a vessel and obstructs it at the site of its formation
thrombosis
152
Blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially those in the legs or thighs
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
153
Electrical shock delivered randomly during the cardiac cycle to treat emergency life-threatening arrhythmias
defibrilation
154
Defibrillation technique using low energy shocks to treat an arrhythmia (arterial fibrillation, arterial flutter, or ventricular tachycardia), and is usually synchronized with the large R waves of the ECG complex to restore normal heart rhythm
cardioversion
155
Injection of a chemical irritant (sclerosing agent) into a vein to produce inflammation and fibrosis that destroys the lumen in the vein
sclerotherapy
156
Destruction of a blood clot using anticlotting agents called clot-busters such as tissue plasminogen activator
thrombolysis
157
Any endovascular procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels and stores forward blood flow
angioplasty
158
Angioplasty of the coronary arteries in which a balloon catheter is inserted through the skin into the right femoral artery and threaded to the site of the stenosis to enlarge the lumen of the artery and restore forward blood flow
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
159
Removal of a small piece of tissue for diagnostic purposes
biopsy
160
Removal of a segment of an arterial vessel wall to confirm inflammation of the wall or arteritis, a type of vasculitis
arterial biopsy
161
Treatment for cardiac arrhythmias; usually performed under fluoroscopic guidance
catheter ablation
162
Surgical separation of the leaflets of the mitral valve, which have fused together at their points of contact (commissures)
commissurotomy
163
Placement of a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the blocked part of a coronary artery and restore blood supply to the heart muscle
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
164
Removal of an embolus
embolectomy
165
Removal of fatty plaque from the interior of an occluded vessel using a specially designed catheter fitted with a cutting or grinding device
endarterectomy
166
Implantation of a battery-powered device that monitors an d automatically corrects ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation by sending electrical impulses to the heart in patients who are at risk of sudden cardiac death; also called implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)
automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD) insertion
167
Procedure used to remove or treat varicose veins
laser ablation
168
Surgical procedure performed on or within the exposed heart, usually with the assistance of a heart-lung machine
open heart surgery
169
Placement of a mesh tube inserted into a natural passage or conduit in the body to prevent or counteract a disease-induced, localized flow constriction
stent placementq
170
Incision of a valve to increase the size of the opening; used in treating mitral stenosis
valvotomy
171
Passage of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart
cardiac catheterization (CC)
172
Procedure used to determine the cause of life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias by mapping the heart's conduction system in a patient with an arrhythmia
electrophysiology study (EPS)
173
Procedure that graphically records the spread of electrical excitation to different parts of the heart using small metal electrodes applied ot the chest arms and legs
electrocardiography (ECG, EKG)
174
ECG taken with a small, portable recording system capable of storing up to 48 hours of ECG tracings; also called event monitor test
Holter monitor test
175
ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions (bicycle or treadmill)
stress test
176
Blood test that measures the presence and amount of cardiac enzymes in the blood, including troponin T, troponin I, and creatine kinase (CK-MB)
cardiac enzyme studies
177
Series of blood tests (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides) used to assess risk factors of ischemic heart disease
lipid panel
178
Radiographic image (angiogram) of the inside of a blood vessel after injection of a contrast medium
angiogaphy
179
Angiography of the aorta and its branches after injection of a contrast medium
aortography
180
Angiography that is used to determine the degree of stenosis or obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart
coronary
181
Noninvasive technique that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field rather than an x-ray beam to produce highly detailed, multiplanar, cross-sectional views of soft tissues
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
182
Specialized MRI that provides information on both static and moving images of the heart, including blood flow and velocity
cardiac
183
Type of MRI scan that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to provide detailed images of blood vessels
magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
184
Nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to detect how well the heart walls move as they contract and calculates the ejection fraction rate (amount of blood the ventricle can pump out in one contraction)
multiple-gated acquisition
185
MUGA scan of the heart in which the gamma camera moves in a circle around the patient to create individual images as "slices" of the heart (tomography)
single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
186
Test used in conjunction with a stress test to detect the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD) that is causing partial obstruction of the coronary arteries
nuclear perfusion study
187
High-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) are directed at soft tissue and reflected as echoes to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure
Ultrasonography (US)
188
Ultrasonography used to assess blood flow through blood vessels and the heart
doppler
189
Ultrasonography that is used to visualize internal cardiac structures, produced images of the heart, and assess cardiac output
echocardigraphy (ECHO)
190
Radiography of a vein after injection of a contrast medium to detect incomplete filling of a vein, indicating an obstruction
venography
191
AAA
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
192
ACE
angiotensin-converting enzyme (inhibitor)
193
AFib
atrial fibrillation
194
AICD
automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
195
AS
aortic stenosis
196
ASHD
arteriosclerotic heart disease
197
AV
atrioventricular, arteriovenous
198
BP, B/P
blood pressure
199
CA
cancer; cardiac arrest; chronological age
200
CABG
coronary artery bypass graft
201
CAD
coronary artery disease
202
CC
cardiac catheterization
203
CHD
coronary heart disease
204
Chol
cholesterol
205
CK
creatine kinase (cardiac enzyme); conductive keratoplasty
206
CO2
carbon dioxide
207
CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
208
ECG, EKG
electrocardiogram, electrocardiography
209
ECHO
echocardiogram, echocardiography; echoencephalogram, echoencephalography
210
EPS
electrophysiology studies
211
HDL
high-density lipoprotein
212
HF
heart failure
213
HTN
hypertension
214
ICD
implantable cardioverter defibrillator
215
LA
left atrium
216
LDL
low-desity lipoprotein
217
LV
left ventricle
218
MI
myocardial infarction
219
MRA
magnetic resonance angiogram
magnetic resonance angiography
220
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
221
MUGA scan
multiple-gated acquisition scan
222
O2
oxygen
223
NSR
normal sinus rhythm
224
PTCA
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
225
RA
right atrium
226
RV
residual volume; right ventricle
227
SA, S-A
sinoatrial
228