Chapter 12

Question 1

social leadership

Answer 1

group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support

Question 2

hierarchy of needs

Answer 2

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

Question 3

set point

Answer 3

the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set

Question 4

basal metabolic rate

Answer 4

the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure

Question 5

sexual response cycle

Answer 5

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters an Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

Question 6

instinct

Answer 6

a complex behaviour that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

Question 7

motivation

Answer 7

a need or desire that energizes and directs behaviour

Question 8

flow

Answer 8

a completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one’s skills

Question 9

Theory X

Answer 9

assumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money, and should be directed from above.

Question 10

task leadership

Answer 10

goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals

Question 11

achievement motivation

Answer 11

a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard

Question 12

structural interviews

Answer 12

interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated on established scales

Question 13

organizational psychology

Answer 13

a subfield of I/O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change

Question 14

personnel psychology

Answer 14

a subfield of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development

Question 15

industrial-organizational psychology

Answer 15

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behaviour in workplaces

Question 16

sexual disorder

Answer 16

a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning

Question 17

sexual orientation

Answer 17

an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex or the other sex

Question 18

estrogen

Answer 18

a sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity

Question 19

refractory period

Answer 19

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

Question 20

bulimia nervosa

Answer 20

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

Question 21

anorexia nervosa

Answer 21

an eating disorder in which a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve

Question 22

glucose

Answer 22

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues

Question 23

incentive

Answer 23

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behaviour

Question 24

homeostasis

Answer 24

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

Question 25

drive-reduction theory

Answer 25

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Question 26

Theory Y

Answer 26

assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity.

Question 27

motivation

Answer 27

Motivation is a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal.

Question 28

Instincts & Evolutionary Psychology

Answer 28

Instincts are complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout different species and are not learned (Tinbergen, 1951).

Question 29

Primary Drive

Answer 29

Internal mechanisms directing behavior dealing with sustaining processes biologically necessary for survival such as thirst, hunger and sex.

Question 30

Secondary Drive

Answer 30

Internal mechanisms directing learned behaviors as being desired, such as power or wealth.

Question 31

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Answer 31

For easy tasks, moderately high arousal is needed to do well. For difficult, moderately low, and average tasks – a moderate level of arousal is needed. Example: When first learning to drive a car, we drive best if not too anxious. Later, we may need the radio on while driving for best performance.

Question 32

what are the hiercachy of neeeds from lowest to highest

Answer 32

``` physioligocal needs- safety needs- belongingess and love needs esteem needs- selfactualization needs- ```

Question 33

physiological aspects that make you hungry

Answer 33

``` Hormones Stomach Contractions Glucose Role of Hypothalamus Set Point ```

Question 34

Psychological factors that make you hungry

Answer 34

``` Garcia Effect Memory (Rozin Study) Availability (Rodin Study) Attractiveness Culture ```

Question 35

Stomach Contractions in relation to hunger

Answer 35

Stomach contractions (pangs) send signals to the brain making us aware of our hunger.

Question 36

glucose levels in relation to hunger

Answer 36

The glucose level in blood is maintained. Insulin decreases glucose in the blood, making us feel hungry. glucose helps us feel more full

Question 37

lateral (side) side of hypothalamus

Answer 37

When stimulated, causes animals to eat | When destroyed, causes animals to starve

Question 38

Ventromedial (low-middle) of hypothalamus

Answer 38

When stimulated, causes animals to starve | When destroyed, causes animals to eat

Question 39

how are glucose signals sent to the brain

Answer 39

Levels of glucose in the blood are monitored by receptors (neurons) in the stomach, liver, and intestines. They send signals to the hypothalamus in the brain.

Question 40

what happens when there is a reduction in the amount of blood glucose

Answer 40

The reduction of blood glucose stimulates orexin in the LH, which leads rats to eat ravenously.

Question 41

what happens durin the excitement stages

Answer 41

Genitals become engorged with blood. Vagina expands secretes lubricant. Penis enlarges.

Question 42

Plateau

Answer 42

Excitement peaks such as breathing, pulse and blood pressure.

Question 43

Orgasm

Answer 43

Contractions all over the body. Increase in breathing, pulse & blood pressure. Sexual release.

Question 44

Resolution

Answer 44

Engorged genital release blood. Male goes through refractory phase. Women resolve faster.

Question 45

Intrinsic

Answer 45

A desire to perform a behavior for its | own sake and to be effective.

Question 46

Extrinsic

Answer 46

A desire to perform a behavior due to a promised reward or threat of punishment