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Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Principal functions of the spinal cord?

A

Conduction, locomotion, reflexes, neural integration

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2
Q

What is locomotion?

A

Simple, repetitive movements coordinated by central pattern generators

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3
Q

What are examples of reflexes?

A

Posture, coordination, protective responses to pain

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4
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

Cylinder of nervous tissue taking up top 2/3 of vertebral canal, arises from brainstem

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5
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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6
Q

Regions of spinal cord?

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

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7
Q

How are spinal cord regions named?

A

By the level of the vertebral column the nerves emerge from

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8
Q

What are the grooves on the anterior and posterior sides of the spinal cord?

A

Anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus

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9
Q

What is the cervical enlargement?

A

Thicker cord where nerves of upper limbs come from

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10
Q

What is the lumbar enlargement?

A

Thicker cord where nerves of pelvic region and lower limbs come from

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11
Q

What is the medullary cone?

A

A tapered region of lumbar enlargement which gives rise to the cauda equina

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12
Q

What are meninges?

A

Fibrous membranes that enclose the spinal cord and brain

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13
Q

What is the dura mater?

A

Outermost meninge, forms dural sheath around spinal cord

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14
Q

What is the epidural space?

A

Space between sheath of dura mater and vertebral bones, where anesthetics for childbirth are administered

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15
Q

What is the arachnoid mater?

A

Middle layer of meninges, made of squamous to cuboidal cells

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16
Q

What is the subarachnoid space?

A

Gap in arachnoid mater filled w/ CSF

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17
Q

What is the pia mater?

A

Innermost layer of meninges, follows contours of spinal cord and fuses w/ dura to form coccygeal ligament

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18
Q

What are denticulate ligaments?

A

Extensions anchoring the arachnoid to the dura to limit side-to-side movements

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19
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

L1 or L2

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20
Q

What is spina bifida?

A

A congenital defect in which vertebrae fail to form an arch for enclosing the spinal cord

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21
Q

What is gray matter?

A

Nervous tissue made of unmyelinated neurons which serves as site of synaptic contact and all neural integration

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22
Q

What is white matter?

A

Nervous tissue made of myelinated axons which carry signals from one level of the CNS to another

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23
Q

What is the gray commissure?

A

Bridge in gray matter connecting right and left sides

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24
Q

What is the lateral horn?

A

In gray matter, it contains neurons of sympathetic nervous system

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25
How dense are neurons in anterior horns?
Very, for motor control and limb sensation
26
How are white matter axons bundled?
3 pairs called columns or funiculi - posterior, lateral, and anterior
27
What are spinal tracts?
Tracts of myelinated axons that carry info to or from brainstem
28
What do ascending tracts do?
Carry information up cord
29
What do descending tracts do?
Carry motor impulses down cord
30
What is decussation?
Nerves crossing over from one side of body to the other. Ex: left side of brain gets sensory info from right side of body
31
What are the sensory neurons in ascending tracts?
First-order, second-order, and third-order
32
What do first-order neurons do?
Detect stimulus and transmit signal to spinal cord or brainstem
33
What do second-order neurons do?
Carry signal to thalamus
34
What do third-order neurons do?
Carry signal from thalamus to sensory region of cerebral cortex
35
What are the major ascending tracts?
Gracile fasciculus, cuneate fasciculus, spinothalamic tract, spinoreticular tract, and posterior and anterior spinocerebellar tracts
36
What does gracile fasciculus do?
Proprioception - nonvisual sense of position and movements of body
37
What does cuneate fasciculus do?
Carry sensory signals from upper limb and chest
38
What does spinothalamic tract do?
Carry signals of pain, pressure, temperature, light touch, tickle, and itch
39
What does spinoreticular tract do?
Carry pain signals resulting from tissue injury
40
What do posterior and anterior spinocerebellar tracts do?
Provide cerebellum w/ feedback to coordinate muscle actions
41
What are the major descending tracts?
Corticospinal tracts, tectospinal tract, lateral and medial reticulospinal tracts, and lateral and medial vestibulospinal tracts
42
What do corticospinal tracts do?
Carry signals from cerebral cortex for precise, finely coordinated movements
43
What do tectospinal tracts do?
Reflex of turning head in response to sights and sounds
44
What do lateral and medial reticulospinal tracts do?
Control muscles of upper and lower limbs (esp for balance), reduce transmission of pain signals to brain
45
What do lateral and medial vestibulospinal tracts do?
Receive impulses for balance from inner ear
46
What do poliomyelitis and ALS do?
Cause destruction of motor neurons, causing skeletal muscle atrophy
47
A bundle of parallel axons within CNS is called a
Tract
48
A groove on the cerebral cortex is called a
Sulcus
49
A bump on the cerebral cortex is called a
Gyrus
50
An interneuron carries impulsed where?
Only within CNS
51
What separated the cerebrum from the cerebellum?
Transverse fissure
52
Where is the primary auditory area?
Temporal lobe
53
What white matter structure connects 2 central hemispheres?
Corpus callosum
54
What are the components of the brainstem?
Medulla oblongata, midbrain, and pons
55
What part of brain coordinates skeletal muscle movements?
Cerebellum
56
In PNS, myelin sheath is formed by what?
Schwann cells
57
A bundle of myelinated axons is a
Nerve
58
A collection of nerve cell bodies in PNS is a
Ganglion
59
Regions of spinal cord
Thoracic, lumbar, cervical, sacral
60
What is made of gray matter?
Anterior, posterior, and lateral horns
61
Sequence of structures in a reflex arc?
Receptor, sensory nerve, interneuron, motor nerve, effector
62
What section of the spinal cord doesn't form a nerve plexus?
Thoracic
63
What structure is richest in lipid content?
White matter
64
What tracts carry information up to the brain in the spinal cord?
Sensory nerves
65
What is a nerve?
Cordlike organ composed of axons bound together by connective tissue
66
What are peripheral nerves?
Branches of nerves
67
Order of nerve wrappings?
Endoneurium, fascicles, perineurium, epineurium
68
What surrounds a single nerve fiber?
Endoneurium
69
What is a bundle of nerve fibers?
Fascicle
70
What is a bundle of nerve fibers, or a fascicle, wrapped in?
Perineurium
71
What are several fascicles wrapped together in?
Epineurium
72
What are most nerve fibers type?
Mixed, not purely sensory or motor
73
What is a ganglion?
A cluster of neurosomas in the peripheral nervous system
74
How many pairs of spinal nerves?
31
75
What do posterior roots do?
Send sensory input to spinal cord
76
What do anterior roots do?
Output motor command of spinal cord
77
What root has a ganglion?
Posterior
78
What is the anterior ramus?
Branch which gives rise to nerves of limbs
79
What is the posterior ramus?
Branch which innervates muscles and joints in skin of back
80
What is the meningeal branch?
Branch which innervates meninges and vertebrae
81
What is the intercostal nerve?
A nerve which travels along rib and innervates skin and intercostal muscles for breathing
82
What are the nerve plexuses?
Cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal
83
What is somatosensory?
Carrying sensory signals from bones, joints, muscles, and skin (opposed to viscera)
84
What is proprioception?
Brain receives information about body's position from nerve endings in muscles, tendons, and joints
85
Nerve of cervical plexus?
Phrenic
86
Nerves of brachial plexus?
Median and radial
87
Nerve of lumbar plexus?
Femoral
88
Nerve of sacral and coccygeal plexuses?
Sciatic
89
What is sciatica?
Sharp pain travelling from gluteal region, thigh and leg, to ankle
90
What is a dermatome?
A specific area of skin that conveys a sensory input to a spinal nerve
91
What is a dermatome map?
A diagram of cutaneous regions innervated by each spinal nerve
92
What surrounds a single nerve fiber?
Endoneurium
93
What are reflexes?
Quick, involuntary, stereotypes reactions of glands or muscles to stimulation
94
What nervous system are reflexes of skeletal muscle?
Somatic nervous system
95
Steps of a reflex arc?
Somatic receptors > afferent nerve fibers > integrating center > efferent nerve fibers > effectors
96
What are muscle spindles?
Stretch receptors embedded in muscles
97
What is the function of muscle spindles?
Informing brain of muscle length and body movements
98
Where are muscle spindles abundant?
Muscles w/ fine control
99
What is the stretch reflex?
When a muscle is stretch, it "fights back" and contracts
100
What is the knee-jerk reflex?
A monosynaptic reflex with one synapse between afferent and efferent neurons
101
What is a flexor reflex?
Quick contraction of flexor muscles, resulting in withdrawal of limb from an injurous stimulus
102
What is crossed extension reflex?
Contraction of extensor muscles in limb opposite of the one that is withdrawn
103
What are tendon organs?
Proprioceptors in a tendon near its junction with a muscle
104
What is a tendon reflex?
A reflex in response to excessive tension on the tendon, inhibiting the muscle from contracting strongly
105
Spinal cord trauma facts?
10k-12k ppl in US each year, 55% from motor accidents, risk group men 16-30
106
What is complete transection?
Complete severance of the spinal cord
107
What area of spinal cord severance poses threat of respiratory failure?
Above C4
108
What is paraplegia?
Paralysis of both lower limbs
109
What is quadriplegia?
Paralysis of all 4 limbs
110
What is hemiplegia?
Paralysis on 1 side of body
111
What is paresis?
Partial paralysis or weakness of limbs
112
What are tendon organs?
Proprioceptors
113
What branch of a spinal nerve has somas of only sensory neurons?
Posterior root
114
Where are ganglions?
PNS. Neurosomas
115
What does somatosensory NOT refer to?
Signals from viscera
116
Signals that control your handwriting travels down spinal cord in what tracts?
Corticospinal
117
Components of the diencephalon?
Thalamus and hypothalamus
118
Components of the diencephalon?
Thalamus and hypothalamus

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