Chapter 18 Flashcards
1
Q
What is hemodynamics?
A
The forces that circulate blood throughout the body
2
Q
What is the formula for blood pressure?
A
Cardiac output x systemic vascular resistance
3
Q
Components of cardiac output?
A
Heart rate and stroke volume
4
Q
What is stroke volume?
A
The blood volume ejected from the heart with each heartbeat
5
Q
How does blood vessel radius affect systemic vascular resistance?
A
Vasoconstriction increases SVR, vasodilation decreases SVR
6
Q
What happens if you go septic?
A
Vasodilation occurs and blood pressure decreases
7
Q
What is hypertension?
A
High blood pressure
8
Q
Functions of blood?
A
Transportation, protection, and regulation (of pH, fluids, and temperature)
9
Q
What is hematology?
A
The study of blood
10
Q
What is the usual blood pH?
A
7.35-7.45
11
Q
What is acidosis?
A
When the blood is too acidic, leading to arrhythmias and cardiac arrest
12
Q
Causes of acidosis?
A
Diabetes (metabolic acidosis) and lung disease (respiratory acidosis)
13
Q
Formed elements of blood?
A
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes
14
Q
What are the granulocytes?
A
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
15
Q
What are the agranulocytes?
A
Lymphocytes and monocytes
16
Q
What are thrombocytes also known as?
A
Platelets
17
Q
What is blood made of?
A
Plasma and blood cells
18
Q
What is hematocrit?
A
The amount of red blood cell volume per amount of blood volume (ex: 45mL of RBCs in 100mL of blood is .45 hematocrit)
19
Q
What is the buffy coat?
A
The layer of white blood cells and platelets that lies between plasma and blood cells in separated blood
20
Q
What is in plasma?
A
Nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, and gases
21
Q
Major categories of plasma proteins that are formed by the liver?
A
Albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen
22
Q
What does albumin do?
A
Contributes to viscosity and osmolarity of blood. Influencing blood pressure, flow, and fluid balance
23
Q
What do globulins do?
A
Act as antibodies and provide immune system functions
24
Q
What does fibrinogen do?
A
Acts as a precursor of fibrin threads which help with blood clot formation
25
What is hemopoiesis (or hematopoiesis)?
Blood cell production
26
Where does hemopoiesis occur in adults?
Red bone marrow of the axial skeleton, girdles, and humerus and femur
27
Where does hemopoiesus of children occur?
In all red bone marrow
28
Components of the circulatory system?
Heart, blood vessels, and blood
29
Components of the cardiovascular system?
Heart and blood vessels
30
What blood vessel carries blood to the heart?
Veins
31
What blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?
Arteries
32
What is blood serum?
All of the components of blood plasma, except fibrinogen
33
What is myeloid hemopoiesis?
Blood formation in bone marrow
34
What is lymphoid hemopoiesis?
Blood formation in lymphatic organs
35
What are pluripotent stem cells?
The stem cells that give rise to the formed elements of blood. Hormones and growth factors push cells toward a specific cell type
36
Simple steps of RBC production?
Erythropoietin hormone, nucleus is discarded, cell matures
37
What do erythroblasts do?
Multiple and synthesize hemoglobin
38
What synthesizes hemoglobin?
Erythroblasts
39
What happens for cells to become reticulocytes?
The nucleus is discarded
40
Do mature RBCs have nuclei?
No
41
What do reticulocytes turn into?
Erythrocytes
42
Functions of erythrocytes?
Carry oxygen from lungs to cell tissues, pick up carbon dioxide from tissues and bring it to the lungs
43
How do erythrocytes make ATP?
With anaerobic fermentation, they lack mitochondria
44
Function of hemoglobin?
Gas transport
45
What are globins?
Protein chains (2 alpha 2 beta) found in hemoglobin. 4 total
46
What are heme groups?
Nonprotein moieties that bind oxygen to ferrous ion at its center. 4 total in hemoglobin
47
What is oxyhemoglobin?
Fully loaded heme with 4 oxygen molecules
48
What is deoxyhemoglobin?
Unloaded heme
49
What is necessary for RBC production?
Iron
50
What is Ferritin?
Excess iron stored in the liver
51
What is hematocrit?
Percentage of whole blood volume composed of RBCs
52
Hematocrit of men and women?
42-52% in men, 37-48% in women
53
Ways to measure quantities of erythrocytes and hemoglobin?
Hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, and RBC count
54
Hemoglobin concentration of men and women?
13-18 g/dL in men, 12-16 g/dL in women
55
RBC count in men and women?
4.6-6.2 million/microliter in men, 4.2-5.4 million/microliter in women
56
How does negative feedback work for erythrocytes?
Drop in RBC count causes kidney hypoxemia, kidney production of erythropoietin stimulates bone marrow, RBC count increases in 3-4 days
57
How are erythrocytes disposed of?
Macrophages engulf and lyse dying RBCs in the spleen and liver
58
What happens to globins when RBCs are dying?
They get hydrolyzed into amino acids
59
60
What is polycythemia?
An excess of RBCs
61
What is primary polycythemia?
Due to cancer of erythropoietic cell line in red bone marrow. RBC count as high as 11 million RBCs/microliter
62
What is secondary polycythemia?
Due to dehydration, emphysema, high altitude, or physical conditioning. RBC count as high as 8 million RBCs/microliter
63
What is anemia?
Deficiency of RBCs or hemoglobin
64
Causes of anemia?
Inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis, hemorrhagic anemias, and hemolytic anemias
65
What is hemolytic anemias?
RBC destruction
66
Consequences of anemia?
Tissue hypoxia and necrosis, reduced blood osmolarity, and lowered blood viscosity
67
What is sickle-cell disease?
A hereditary hemoglobin defect primarily affecting African-Americans
68
Genetic info about sickle-cell disease?
It's caused by a recessive allele. Sickle cell anemia is homozygous recessive, sickle cell trait is heterozygous
69
What are antigens?
Found on red blood cells, the determinator for what a person's blood type is
70
What are antibodies?
Found in the plasma, they are the opposite of a person's blood type. They bind to like-lettered blood cells and mark them for destruction
71
What is agglutination?
When antibodies attack antigens and mark them for destruction
72
What determines your blood type?
Your antigens
73
What is the universal recipient?
AB+
74
What is the universal donor?
O-
75
What is notable about blood plasma?
The blood plasma may have antibodies, so it needs to be separated from the blood so it doesn't attack the antigens
76
What is the Rhesus factor?
The Rh group, whether you're + or -
77
Most reactive antigen for Rh group?
Anti-D / antigen-D
78
What is hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)?
When an Rh- woman is pregnant with an Rh+ fetus, her second Rh+ baby will be attacked by the mother's developed antibodies
79
How can you prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn?
By taking an Rh immune globulin such as RhoGAM
80
What does RhoGAM do?
It binds to the fetus's antigens during the first pregnancy, preventing the mother's immune system from recognizing them and forming antibodies
81
Least abundant formed element?
Leukocytes
82
What do leukocytes do?
Protect against infectious microorganisms and other pathogens
83
Where are WBCs found?
In the bloodstream for a few hours; afterward they migrate to connective tissue
84
What do myeloblasts make?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
85
What is the production of WBCs called?
Leukopoiesis
86
What do monoblasts make?
Monocytes
87
What do lymphoblasts make?
Lymphocytes
88
What are the granulocytes?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
89
What are the agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes and monocytes
90
What do neutrophils do?
Phagocytize bacteria and release antimicrobial chemicals
91
When do neutrophils raise in number?
During bacterial infections
92
What do eosinophils do?
Treat parasitic infections, collagen diseases, allergies, and spleen or CNS diseases
93
What do basophils do?
Secrete histamine to speed flow of blood, and heparin to promote mobility of other WBCs in the area
94
When does number of basophils increase?
During chickenpox, sinusitis, and diabetes
95
What do lymphocytes do?
Destroy cancer, foreign, and virally infected cells, coordinate actions of other immune cells, and secrete antibodies and provide immune memory
96
When do lymphocyte numbers increase?
During diverse infections and immune responses
97
What do monocytes do?
Leave the bloodstream to become macrophages, which phagocytize pathogens and debris
98
When do monocytes increase in number?
During viral infections and inflammation
99
What is leukopenia?
Low WBC count
100
Causes and effects of leukopenia?
Causes: radiation, poisons, infectious disease
Effects: elevated risk of infection
101
What is leukocytosis?
High WBC count
102
Causes of leukocytosis?
Infection, allergy, and disease
103
What is leukemia?
Cancer of hemopoietic tissue that produces an extraordinarily high number of circulating leukocytes and their precursors
104
What is acute leukemia?
Suddenly appearing, rapidly progressing leukemia that causes death within months
105
What is chronic leukemia?
Leukemia that stays undetected for months and has a survival time of 3 years
106
What is plasma mostly made up of?
Water
107
Average lifespan of a red blood cell?
4 months / 120 days
108
What plasma protein is necessary for blood clotting?
Fibrinogen
109
Most numerous white blood cell?
Neutrophils
110
Least numerous white blood cell?
Basophils
111
White blood cells in order from most numerous to least numerous?
Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils
112
Universal recipient?
AB+
113
What is acidosis?
When blood pH is below 7.35-7.45
114
What is most carbon dioxide transported as?
HCO3-, or bicarbonate
115
What is oxygen attached to on hemoglobin?
The heme group
116
What vitamins are needed for blood clotting?
Calcium and Vitamin K
117
What are thrombocytes?
Platelets
118
What are the steps of thrombopoiesis?
Stem cells become megakaryoblasts, and then megakaryocytes
119
What do thrombocytes do?
Secrete vasoconstrictors to reduce blood loss, stick together to form platelet plugs against small breaks, secrete procoagulants or clotting factors to promote clotting, initiate formation of clot-dissolving enzyme, secrete chemicals to attract neutrophils and monocytes to sites of inflammation, and secrete growth factors to stimulate mitosis to repair blood vessels
120
Steps of hemostasis?
Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation
121
What happens during vascular spasm?
The blood vessel constricts to stop blood loss
122
What happens during platelet plug formation?
The broken vessel exposes collagen, which allows platelet pseudopods to stick to the damaged vessel and other platelets, contracting to pull the vessel walls together
123
What happens during coagulation?
Plasma protein fibrinogen is converted into fibrin threads to form the framework of a clot
124
What is needed for both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways?
Calcium
125
How does positive feedback have a role in blood clotting?
Thrombin speeds up formation of the prothrombin activator
126
What is hemophilia?
A deficiency of a clotting factor, causing you to bleed for longer
127
What is hemophilia A?
Missing factor VIII, 83% of cases
128
What is hemophilia B?
Missing factor IX, 15% of cases
129
What is hemophilia C?
Missing factor XI, autosomal and not sex-linked
130
What is thrombosis?
Abnormal clotting in an unbroken blood vessel
131
What is a thrombus?
A clot
132
What is an embolus?
Anything that can travel in the blood and block blood vessels
133
What is pulmonary embolism?
When a clot breaks free and travels from the veins to the lungs
134
What is an infarction?
Tissue death caused by blockage of blood supply
135
What breaks down clots?
t-PA, tissue plasminogen activator
