Lab Practical 2 Flashcards
1
Q
How do erythrocytes look on a blood cell slide?
A
Biconcave discs
2
Q
General functions of erythrocytes?
A
Transport oxygen and CO2
3
Q
How do neutrophils look on a blood cell slide?
A
S-shaped nucleus with 3-5 lobes
4
Q
General functions of neutrophils?
A
Fight bacterial infections
5
Q
How do lymphocytes look on a blood cell slide?
A
The nucleus takes up most of the cell
6
Q
General functions of lymphocytes?
A
Provide long-term immunity
7
Q
How do monocytes look on a blood cell slide?
A
Clumpy, U-shaped nucleus
8
Q
General functions of monocytes?
A
Migrate into connective tissues and become macrophages
9
Q
How do eosinophils look on a blood cell slide?
A
Bilobed nucleus with a thin connecting strand
10
Q
General functions of eosinophils?
A
Fight against parasitic infections
11
Q
How do basophils look on a blood cell slide?
A
The nucleus is hard to see because there’s so many granules
12
Q
General functions of basophils?
A
Secrete histamine and heparin
13
Q
How do thrombocytes look on a blood cell slide?
A
Small little clumps
14
Q
General functions of thrombocytes?
A
Stop bleeding
15
Q
What is the average leukocyte count?
A
5,000-10,000 WBCs/microliter
16
Q
What is leukopenia?
A
A low WBC count, under 5,000 WBCs/microliter
17
Q
What is leukocytosis?
A
A high WBC count, over 10,000WBCs/microliter
18
Q
Identify a sickle cell anemia slide
A
Done
19
Q
Identify the different blood cells and WBCs on a slide
A
Done
20
Q
How do slides with sickle cell anemia look?
A
They have sickle-shaped RBCs scattered
21
Q
Difference between sickle-celled and normal RBCs?
A
The sickle-celled RBCs get sticky and clump together
22
Q
What are antigens?
A
They make your blood type
23
Q
What are antibodies?
A
They are present in the absence of antigens (like type A blood has B antigens)
24
Q
What does agglutination mean
A
When a serum is added to a blood sample, that formed element is present
25
What is hemolytic disease of the newborn?
Rh- mother, Rh+ father, Rh+ baby
26
What is Rho-GAM?
Blood doesn't make the antibodies in hemolytic disease of the newborn
27
Universal donor?
O-
27
Universal recipient?
AB+
28
What is agglutination?
Clumping of antibodies to antigens in blood
29
What is agglutinogen?
Antigen
30
What is agglutinin?
Antibodies/gamma immunoglobins
31
What are transfusion reactions?
Adverse reactions to transfusions of blood, like infection and sickness
32
What is the difference between agglutination and coagulation?
Agglutination is a clump in the blood, coagulation is a full platelet plug and then clot
33
How do you calculate hematocrit?
RBC (mm) / total blood volume (mm) x 100
34
Normal hematocrit for females?
37-48%
35
Normal hematocrit for males?
45-52%
36
What is polycythemia?
Excess RBC count, over 48% for women and 52% for men
37
What is anemia?
Low RBC count, below 37% for women and 45% for men
38
What is a heme group?
Non-protein group that holds iron and binds oxygen
39
What is a globin group?
Protein group that binds carbon dioxide
40
What is the epicardium?
Outermost layer of the heart. Made of simple squamous epithelium over areolar tissue, sometimes with adipose tissue
41
What is myocardium?
Muscle of the heart, middle layer. Simple squamous epithelium over areolar tissue
42
What is endocardium?
Innermost layer of the heart. Made of cardiac muscle
43
What is the apex of the heart?
The pointy inferior part
44
What is the base of the heart?
The superior wide part
45
What is the ascending aorta?
Straight bid middle artery in anterior view, more medial
46
Identify ascending aorta on a diagram
Done
47
Where is the aortic arch?
Arch on anterior view of the heart
48
Identify the aortic arch on a diagram
Done
49
Where is the brachiocephalic branch of the heart?
Leftmost branch of aorta
50
Identify the brachiocephalic branch on a diagram
Done
51
Where is the left common carotid?
Middle of aorta
52
Identify the left common carotid on a diagram
Done
52
Where is the left subclavian artery?
Rightmost branch of aorta from posterior view
53
Identify the left subclavian artery on a diagram
Done
54
Where is the descending aorta?
Large artery leading out of the heart, more lateral
55
Identify the descending aorta on a diagram
Done
56
Where is the superior vena cava?
Large vein on superior portion of heart, opposite side of apex
57
Identify the superior vena cava on a diagram
Done
58
Where is the inferior vena cava?
Large vein on inferior portion of heart on opposite side of apex
59
Identify the inferior vena cava on a diagram
Done
60
Where is the pulmonary trunk?
Large vein in the middle of anterior view kinda leaning towards apex
61
Identify the pulmonary trunk on a diagram
Done
62
Where is the left atrium?
Top chamber on side of apex
63
Identify the left atrium on a diagram
Done
64
Where is the left ventricle?
Lower chamber on same side as apex
65
Identify the left ventricle on a diagram
Done
66
Where is the right atrium?
Top chamber on opposite side of apex
67
Identify the right atrium on a diagram
Done
68
Where is the right ventricle?
Bottom chamber on opposite side of apex
69
Identify the right ventricle on a diagram
Done
70
Identify the left coronary artery on a diagram
Done
71
Identify the anterior interventricular artery on a diagram
Done
72
Identify the circumflex artery on
a diagram
Done
73
Identify the right marginal artery on a diagram
Done
74
Identify the posterior interventricular artery on a diagram
Done
75
Identify the great cardiac vein on a diagram
Done
76
Identify the small cardiac vein on a diagram
Done
77
Identify the middle cardiac vein on a diagram
Done
78
Identify the coronary sinus on a diagram
Done
79
Where is the tricuspid valve?
White part under atrium on side away from apex
80
Identify the tricuspid valve on a diagram
Done
81
Where is the pulmonary valve?
White part in middle of heart, inside middle vein
82
Identify the pulmonary valve on a diagram
Done
83
Where is the bicuspid/mitral valve?
White part under atrium on side of apex
84
Identify the bicuspid/mitral valve on a diagram
Done
85
Where is the aortic valve?
Tiny part between middle vein and bicuspid valve in the ventricle near the top on the side of the apex
86
Identify the aortic valve on a diagram
Done
87
Where are the pectinate muscles?
Inside atria
88
Identify the pectinate muscles on a diagram
Done
89
Where are the chordae tendineae?
Stringy white parts between ventricles and valves
90
Identify the chordae tendineae on a diagram
Done
91
Where are the trabeculae carneae?
Inside ventricles
92
Identify the trabeculae carneae on a diagram
Done
93
Where are the papillary muscles?
What the chordae tendineae connect to on the bottom
94
Identify the papillary muscles on a diagram
Done
95
Where is the interventricular septum?
Divider between ventricles
96
Identify the interventricular septum on a diagram
Done
97
Where are the adipose deposits?
Fatty part in the middle of the heart
98
Identify the adipose deposits on a diagram
Done
99
Label pig heart
Done
100
Identify a cardiac muscle slide
Done
101
Identify a skeletal muscle slide
Done
102
Characteristics of cardiac muscle?
Intercalated discs with gap junctions, nuclei, striations, branches, and it's involuntary
103
Characteristics of skeletal muscle?
Nuclei, striations, parallel fibers, and is voluntary
104
Diff/sims between cardiac and skeletal muscle?
Cardiac has longer absolute refractory period and is involuntary but both are striated and have sarcomeres
105
Pathway of blood through the heart?
Venae cavae -> right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> semilunar valve -> pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary arteries -> lungs -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> bicuspid valve -> left ventricle -> semilunar valve -> aorta -> systemic arteries -> systemic capillaries -> systemic veins -> venae cavae
106
Where is the sinoatrial node?
Upper portion of right atrium
107
Where is the atrioventricular node?
In the right atrium, closer to interventricular septum
108
Where is the bundle of His?
In the middle of the interventricular septum
109
Where are the bundle branches?
Leading down the interventricular septum
110
Where are the Purkinje fibers?
Near the apex
111
Where is the P wave on an ECG?
Little wave before big spike
112
Where is the QRS complex on an ECG?
Big spike
113
Where is the T wave on an ECG?
Little wave after big spike
114
What is the P wave signifying?
Atrial depolarization
115
What is the QRS complex signifying?
Ventricular depolarization
116
What is the T wave signifying?
Ventricular repolarization
117
What does atrial depolarization lead to?
Atrial systole
118
What does ventricular depolarization lead to?
Ventricular systole
119
What does atrial repolarization lead to?
Atrial diastole
120
What does ventricular repolarization lead to?
Ventricular diastole
121
What is an arrhythmia?
Irregular rhythm of the heart
122
What is tachycardia?
High resting heart rate, above 100bpm
123
What is bradycardia?
Low resting heart rate, below 60bpm
124
What does a sinus rhythm ECG look like?
Normal. Small wave, big spike, small wave
125
What does nodal rhythm look like on an ECG?
P wave is missing
126
What does heart block look like on a diagram?
QRS and T waves are missing
127
What does ventricular fibrillation look like on a diagram?
Really irregular waves
128
Step 1 of cardiac muscle action potential?
Sodium flows in and depolarizes membrane
129
Step 2 of cardiac muscle action potential?
When cell is depolarized, sodium channels close
130
Step 3 of cardiac muscle action potential
Calcium enters membrane and prolongs depolarization and some potassium leaks out
131
Step 4 of cardiac muscle action potential?
Potassium rapidly flows out and calcium channels close and it exits the cell
132
Where do the different ions flow during a cardiac muscle action potential?
Potassium flows out, sodium flows in, calcium flows in
133
What is a plateau?
Calcium entering the cell prolongs depolarization of the cell
134
What is pulse rate?
The number of times your heart beats per minute
135
Where is the superficial temporal artery?
Temple of the head
136
Where is the facial artery?
Lower face, near jaw
137
Where is the common carotid artery?
Side of neck
138
Where is the radial artery?
On the forearm, on the side of the thumb
139
Where is the brachial artery?
Upper arm
140
Where is the femoral artery?
Upper leg
141
Where is the popliteal artery?
Knee
142
Where is the posterior tibial artery?
Back of leg
143
Where is the dorsal pedal artery?
Top of the foot
144
What is lubb?
S1, AV valve closure
145
What is dupp?
S2, semilunar valve closure
146
What is auscultation?
Listening to the internal sounds of the heart
147
Identify artery and vein on a slide
Done
148
Identify the tunica interna on an artery/vein slide
Done
149
Identify the tunica externa on an artery/vein slide
Done
150
Identify the tunica media on an artery/vein slide
Done
151
Difference between vein and artery?
Vein has a larger diameter, arteries are smaller and have thicker walls
152
Tunica interna makeup?
Simple squamous epithelium over loose connective tissue. Endothelium
153
Tunica media makeup?
Smooth muscle and collagen
154
Tunica externa makeup?
Loose connective tissue
155
Draw arteries and veins diagram
Done
156
Identify the left and right radial arteries
Done
157
Identify the left and right ulnar arteries
Done
158
Identify the left and right brachial arteries
Done
159
Identify the left and right axillary arteries
Done
160
Identify the left and right subclavian arteries
Done
161
Identify the left and right facial arteries
Done
162
Identify the right common carotid artery
Done
163
Identify the right external carotid artery
Done
164
Identify the right internal carotid artery
Done
165
Identify the left common carotid artery
Done
166
Identify the left external carotid artery
Done
167
Identify the left external carotid artery
Done
168
Identify the left internal carotid artery
Done
169
Identify the left subclavian artery
Done
170
Identify the ascending aorta
Done
171
Identify the aortic arch
Done
172
Identify the descending aorta
Done
173
Identify the pulmonary trunk
Done
174
Identify the pulmonary arteries
Done
175
Identify the celiac trunk
Done
176
Identify the superior mesenteric artery
Done
177
Identify the left and right renal arteries
Done
178
Identify the inferior mesenteric artery
Done
179
Identify the left and right common iliac arteries
Done
180
Identify the left and right external iliac arteries
Done
181
Identify the left and right femoral arteries
Done
182
Identify the left and right internal iliac arteries
Done
183
Identify the left and right median antebrachial veins
Done
184
Identify the left and right median cubital veins
Done
185
Identify the left and right brachial veins
Done
186
Identify the left and right basilic veins
Done
187
Identify the left and right axillary veins
Done
188
Identify the left and right cephalic veins
Done
189
Identify the left and right subclavian veins
Done
190
Identify the left and right facial veins
Done
191
Identify the left and right external jugular veins
Done
192
Identify the left and right internal jugular veins
Done
193
Identify the left and right brachiocephalic veins
Done
194
Identify the superior vena cava
Done
195
Identify the pulmonary veins
Done
196
Identify the coronary sinus
Done
197
Identify the inferior vena cava
Done
198
Identify the superior mesenteric vein
Done
199
Identify the left and right renal veins
Done
200
Identify the left and right gonadal veins
Done
201
Identify the left and right common iliac veins
Done
202
Identify the left and right external iliac veins
Done
203
Identify the left and right femoral veins
Done
204
Identify the left and right great saphenous veins
Done
205
Identify the left and right internal iliac veins
Done
206
Steps of taking blood pressure?
Record pressure during ventricular contraction and relaxation for systolic and diastolic pressures. You can inflate the cuff and take it from the brachial artery for this
207
What is a stethoscope?
A tool to measure audible heart sounds
208
What are korotkoff sounds?
Sounds when a blood pressure cuff changes the flow of blood through an artery
209
What is atherosclerosis?
Growth of lipid deposits in arterial walls
210
What is hypertension?
High BP, over 140/90
211
What is hypotension?
Low BP, under 120/80
212
What is a systole?
Contraction
213
What is a diastole?
Relaxation
214
What is pulse pressure?
Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
215
What is a brachial artery?
The artery that blood pressure is measured from
216
Where are the cervical lymph nodes?
Back of head/throat
217
Identify the cervical lymph nodes
Done
218
Where is the right lymphatic duct?
Near collarbone on left side when looking at a person head on
219
Identify the right lymphatic duct
Done
220
Where is the thymus?
Above the heart, grayish organ
221
Identify the thymus
Done
222
Where is the cisterna chyli?
Middle of torso, big trunk thing
223
Identify the cisterna chyli
Done
224
Where are the abdominal lymph nodes?
All the little nodes all over the stomach
225
Identify the abdominal lymph nodes
Done
226
Where is red bone marrow?
In the epiphyses of bones
227
Identify the red bone marrow
Done
228
Where are the popliteal lymph nodes?
In the knees
229
Identify the popliteal lymph nodes
Done
230
Where are the lymphatic vessels?
The long vessels in the legs
231
Identify the lymphatic vessels
Done
232
Where are the palatine tonsils?
In the mouth
233
Identify the palatine tonsils
Done
234
Where is the thoracic duct?
Little loop on right side (front view) near collarbone
235
Identify the thoracic duct
Done
236
Where are the axillary lymph nodes?
In the armpit
237
Identify the axillary lymph nodes
Done
238
Where is the spleen?
Dark bean shaped organ on right upper side (front view)
239
Identify the spleen
Done
240
Where are the inguinal lymph nodes?
Near reproductive organs
241
Identify the inguinal lymph nodes
Done
242
Identify or draw a lymph node slide
Done
243
Identify the capsule, cortex, and medulla of a lymph node
Done
244
Where is the capsule on a lymph node slide?
Outer edge
245
Where is the cortex on a lymph node slide?
Grainy part on the edge, still dark
246
Where is the medulla on a lymph node slide?
Whiteish part in the center
247
Function of lymph nodes?
Filters out harmful substances and wastes from the blood
248
Identify/draw a lymphatic vessel slide
Done
249
Where is a valve on a lymphatic vessel?
Whiteish space
250
Function of lymphatic vessels?
Transport and filter lymphatic fluid from body's cells and tissues
251
Identify/draw a spleen slide
Done
252
Identify the red pulp, white pulp, and cerebral artery of a spleen slide
Done
253
Where is the red pulp of a spleen slide?
The "background" basically
254
Where is the white pulp of a spleen slide?
Cluster of differently colored cells
255
Where is the central artery of a spleen slide?
Light oval inside white pulp
256
Function of spleen?
Kill old RBCs
257
Identify/draw a tonsil slide
Done
258
Identify tonsillar crypts and lymphatic nodules on a tonsil slide
Done
259
Where are tonsillar crypts on a tonsil slide?
White crack
260
Where are lymphatic nodules on a tonsil slide?
Round cluster of differently colored cells
261
Function of tonsils?
Stop germs from entering body
262
Difference between jugular and carotid veins/arteries?
There are only carotid arteries, no carotid veins, and only jugular veins, no jugular arteries
