Chapter 5 Flashcards
1
Q
4 tissue types?
A
Epithelial, connective, nervous, muscular
2
Q
What is an organ?
A
A structure with discreet boundaries that is composed of 2 or more tissue types
3
Q
What is histology?
A
The study of tissues and how they are arranged into organs
4
Q
What is a tissue?
A
A group of similar cells and cell products working together to perform a specific role in an organ
5
Q
How do the 4 tissue types vary from one another?
A
Types and functions of their cells, characteristics of the matrix, and relative amount of space occupied by cells vs matrix
6
Q
What is the cell matrix made up of?
A
Fibrous proteins and a clear gel known as ground substance OR tissue fluid, ECF, interstitial fluid, or tissue gel
7
Q
What is a longitudinal section (l.s.)?
A
Tissue cut on its’ long axis
8
Q
What is a cross section (c.s. or x.s.) or transverse section (t.s.)?
A
Tissue cut perpendicular to long axis of organ
9
Q
What is an oblique section?
A
Tissue cut at an angle between cross and longitudinal sections
10
Q
How do epithelial tissues look?
A
Sheets of closely adhering cells, one or more cells thick
11
Q
Where are epithelial tissues found?
A
Body surfaces and lining body cavities
12
Q
Is epithelial tissue vascular or avascular?
A
Avascular
13
Q
Functions of epithelial tissue?
A
Protect deeper tissues from injury and infection, produce and release chemical secretions, excrete wastes, absorb chemicals and nutrients, selectively filter substances, sense stimuli
14
Q
What is a basement membrane?
A
A layer between an epithelium and underlying connective tissue. Anchors the 2 together
15
Q
How close are cells in epithelial tissue?
A
Very close
16
Q
Mitosis rate of epithelial tissue?
A
High
17
Q
What is the basal surface?
A
Surface of epithelial cell facing the basement membrane
18
Q
What is the apical surface?
A
Surface of epithelial cell that faces away from basement membrane
19
Q
Structure of simple epithelia?
A
1 layer of cells, named by shape, all cells touch basement membrane
20
Q
Structure of stratified epithelia?
A
More than 1 layer, named by shape of apical cells, some cells rest on top and don’t touch basement membrane
21
Q
What are the types of epithelia with only one layer of cells?
A
Simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, psuedostratified columnar
22
Q
How do pseudostratified columnar cells work?
A
Every cell reaches the basement membrane, but not all cells reach the free surface
23
Q
What are goblet cells?
A
Wineglass-shaped mucus-secreting cells in simple columnar and pseudostratified epithelia
24
Q
Stop! Go look at a simple squamous epithelium slide
A
Done
25
What does simple squamous epithelium do?
Permits rapid diffusion or transport of substances, secretes serous fluid
26
Simple squamous epithelium locations?
Alveoli, glomeruli, endothelium, and serosa
27
Simple cuboidal epithelium functions?
Absorption and secretion, mucus production and movement
28
Simple cuboidal epithelium locations?
Liver, thyroid, mammary and salivary glands, bronchioles, and kidney tubules
29
Simple columnar epithelium functions?
Absorption and secretion, secretion of mucus
30
Simple columnar epithelium additional structures?
Oval nuclei in basal half of cell, brush border of microvilli, sometimes ciliated, may possess goblet cells
31
Simple columnar epithelium locations?
Lining of GI tract, uterus, kidney, and uterine tubes
32
Pseudostratified epithelium additional structure?
Nuclei at several layers, has cilia and goblet cells
33
Pseudostratified epithelium functions?
Secretes and propels mucus
34
Pseudostratified epithelium locations?
Respiratory tract, portions of male urethra
35
Types of stratified epithelia?
Stratified squamous (common), stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar (rare). And, transitional epithelium
36
Types of stratified squamous epithelia?
Keratinized and nonkeratinized
37
Difference between keratinized and nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelia?
Keratinized - found on skin surface, abrasion resistant
Nonkeratinized - lacks surface layer of dead cells
38
Functions of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
Resists abrasion, retards water loss through skin, resists penetration by pathogenic organisms
39
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium locations?
Epidermis. Palms and soles are heavily keratinized
40
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium functions?
Resists abrasion and penetration of pathogens
41
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium locations?
Tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, and vagina
42
Transitional epithelium structure?
Multilayered epithelium w/ surface cells that change from round to flat when stretched
43
Transitional epithelium function?
Allows for filling of urinary tract
44
Transitional epithelium locations?
Ureter and urinary bladder
45
What is connective tissue?
A diverse, abundant type of tissue in which cells occupy less space than matrix. Most cells aren't in direct contact w/ each other
46
What does connective tissue do?
Support, connect, and protect organs
47
Vascularity of connective tissue?
Highly variable. Loose connective tissues have a lot of blood vessels, cartilage has few or no blood vessels
48
Functions of connective tissue?
Connecting organs, support, physical protection, immune protection, movement, storage, heat production, and transport
49
What do fibroblasts do?
Produce fibers and ground substance of matrix
50
What do macrophages do?
Phagocytize foreign material and activate immune system when they sense foreign matter (antigens)
51
What are leukocytes?
White blood cells
52
Types of leukocytes?
Neutrophils and lymphocytes
53
What do neutrophils do?
Attack bacteria
54
What do lymphocytes do?
React against bacteria, toxins, and other foreign agents
55
What do plasma cells do?
Synthesize antibodies (proteins)
56
What do mast cells do?
Secrete heparin and histamine
57
What do adipocytes do?
Store triglycerides (fat molecules)
58
What are collagenous fibers?
Tough, flexible, and stretch-resistant protein fibers. Make up tendons, ligaments, and deep layer of skin
59
What are reticular fibers?
Thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein. Form framework of spleen and lymph nodes
60
What are elastic fibers?
Thinner than collagenous fibers, they branch and rejoin each other. Made of protein called elastin. Allows stretch and recoil
61
What is the matrix made up of?
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans, adhesive glycoproteins
62
Types of loose connective tissue?
Areolar and reticular
63
Types of dense connective tissue?
Dense regular connective and dense irregular connective
64
How does loose connective tissue generally look?
Gel-like ground substance between cells
65
How does dense connective tissue generally look?
Fibers filling spaces between cells
66
What is areolar tissue?
Loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels, a lot of seemingly empty space. Possess all 6 cell types, fibers in random directions. Found almost everywhere in body
67
How does areolar tissue look?
Like a bunch of strings with clumps in them. Loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels. Underlies epithelia, in serous membranes, between muscles
68
How does reticular tissue look?
Squiggly with dots. Mesh of reticular fibers and fibroblasts. Forms supportive stroma for lymphatic organs.
69
How does dense regular connective tissue look?
Densely packed, parallel collagen fibers. Squiggly. Nuclei in the middle. Compressed fibroblast nuclei. Make up tendons and ligaments
70
How does dense irregular connective tissue look?
A lot of like swirls all around each other. Densely packed, randomly arranged, collagen fibers and few visible cells. Withstands unpredictable stresses. Deepest layer of skin, capsules around organs
71
What are adipocytes?
Cells that store fat
71
What is adipose tissue (fat)?
Tissue in which adipocytes are the dominant cell type
72
What fills the space between adipocytes?
Areolar tissue, reticular tissue, and blood capillaries
73
What is white fat?
The only fat adults have, it provides thermal insulation and cushions organs and contributes to body contours
74
What is brown fat?
Only in fetuses, infants, and children. Color is from blood vessels and enzymes. Generates heat
75
How does adipose tissue look?
Like a net with a bunch of holes and some blood vessels where the "net" meets
76
What is cartilage?
Stiff connective tissue w/ flexible matrix
77
What are chondroblasts?
Cartilage cells that produce the matrix that will trap them
78
What are chondrocytes?
Cartilage cells that are trapped in lacunae (cavities)
79
What is the perichondrium?
A sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds elastic and most hyaline cartilage
80
How does cartilage receive materials?
No blood vessels, gets nutrients and removes waste via diffusion
81
Types of cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage
82
How does hyaline cartilage look?
Clear, glassy. FIne collagen fibers.
83
What does hyaline cartilage do?
Ease joint movement, hold airway open, move vocal chords, grow young long bones
84
Hyaline cartilage location?
Articular cartilage, costal cartilage, trachea, larynx, fetal skeleton
85
Elastic cartilage appearance?
Has an abundance of elastic fibers and is covered w/ perichondrium
86
What does elastic cartilage do?
Provide flexible, elastic support
87
Elastic cartilage locations?
External ear and epiglottis
88
Fibrocartilage appearance?
Cartilage w/ long, coarse bundles of collagen fibers. KInd of oval-ish, but some clumps too
89
Fibrocartilage function?
Resists compression and absorbs shock
90
Fibrocartilage locations?
Pubic symphysis, menisci, intervertebral discs
91
What type of tissue is bone?
Calcified connective tissue
92
Types of osseous tisse?
Spongy bone and compact bone
93
How does spongy bone look?
Porous. Delicate struts called trabeculae, covered by compact bone, found in heads of long bones and in middle of flat bones
94
How does compact bone look?
Dense, no visible spaces. More complex arrangement, cells and matrix surround vertical blood vessels. Like a lot of rings/cylinders
95
What are central canals?
In dense bone, vertical shafts that have blood vessels and nerves
96
What are concentric lamellae?
Onion-like layers around central canals in compact bone
97
What are osteons?
The central canal and its surrounding lamellae
98
What are osteocytes?
Mature bone cells within lacunae. The clumps on the rings
99
What are canaliculi?
Delicate canals radiating from each lacuna to its' neighbors, allowing osteocytes to contact each other
100
What are lacunae?
Cavities
101
What is the periosteum?
Tough fibrous connective tissue covering whole bone
102
What kind of tissue is blood?
Fluid connective tissue
103
Purpose of blood?
Transport cells and dissolved matter like nutrients, ions, gases, and waste, from place to place
104
What is plasma?
The blood's ground substance
105
What are erythrocytes?
Red blood cells that transport O2 and CO2
106
What are leukocytes?
White blood cells that defend against infection and disease
107
What are platelets?
Cell fragments involved in clotting
108
Define excitability
Ability to respond to stimuli by changing membrane potential
109
What is membrane potential?
Electrical charge difference that occurs across cell membrane
110
What happens w/ excitability in nerve cells?
Changes in voltage result in rapid transmission of signals to other cells
111
What happens w/ excitability in muscle cells?
Change in voltage results in contraction, shortening of the cell
112
What does nervous tissue do?
Specialized for communication by electrical and chemical signals
113
What do neurons do?
Detect stimuli, respond quickly, transmit coded info rapidly to other cells
114
What do neuroglia do?
Protect and assist neurons. More numerous than neurons
115
What is a neurosoma?
Cell body of neuron; houses nucleus and other organelles and controls protein synthesis
116
What are dendrites?
Short, branched processes on neuron. Receive signals from other cells and transmit messages to neurosoma
117
What are axons?
Long thing on neuron, sends outgoing signals to other cells
118
What is muscle tissue?
Elongated cells that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation. Exert physical forces on other tissues and organs
119
What does muscle tissue do?
Create movements, help w/ digestion, eliminate waste, help w/ breathing, help w/ blood circulation
120
Types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
121
How does skeletal muscle look?
Long, striated tubes with oval nuclei.
122
Where is skeletal tissue and is it voluntary?
Attached to bone, voluntary
123
How does cardiac tissue look?
Short little rectangular fibers w/ nucleus in gap. Branched, meet at ends. Striated
124
Where is cardiac tissue found and is it voluntary?
Around the heart, and involuntary
125
How does smooth muscle look?
Diamond shaped kind of, with oval nuclei. Not striated
126
Where is smooth muscle located and is it voluntary?
In organs, and it is involuntary
127
What are cell junctions?
Connections between 2 cells
128
What do cell junctions allow?
Communication between cells, resisting of mechanical stress, and control over what moves between gaps
129
What is a tight junction?
A linkage between 2 adjacent cells by transmembrane cell-adhesion proteins. Seals off intercellular space
130
What is a desmosome?
A patch that holds cells together. Not continuous, substances pass them. Keeps cells from pulling apart.
131
What are hemidesmosomes?
Half desmosomes that anchor basal cells of an epithelium to underlying basement membrane
132
What are hemidesmosomes?
Half desmosomes that anchor basal cells of an epithelium to underlying basement membrane
133
What are gap junctions?
Formed by ring-like connexons, they let ions, nutrients, and solutes pass between cells
134
How do connexons look?
6 transmembrane proteins arranged like segments of an orange around a water-filled pore
135
What is a gland?
A cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body, or releases them for elimination from the body
136
What is a secretion?
Product useful to the body
137
What is an excretion?
A waste product
138
What are exocrine glands?
Glands that secrete things to the epithelium using a duct
139
What are endocrine glands?
Things that secrete hormones directly into the blood
140
What are serous glands?
Glands that make thin, watery secretions. Ex: sweat, milk, tears, digestive tissues
141
What are mucous glands?
Glands that make the glycoprotein mucin, which absorbs water to form mucus
142
What are mixed glands?
Glands w/ both serous and mucous cell types that produce a mixture of those 2 secretions
143
What is merocrine secretion?
Eccrine glands. Use vesicles that release secretion by exocytosis
144
What is apocrine secretion?
Lipid droplet covered by membrane and cytoplasm buds from cell surface
145
What is holocrine secretion?
Cells accumulate a product until they disintegrate
146
What is the cutaneous membrane?
Largest membrane in the body. External membrane. Epidermis and dermis
147
What is the mucous membrane?
Internal membrane, lines passages that open to external environment
148
What is the serous membrane?
Internal membrane, covers organs and lines walls of body cavities. Produces serous fluid
149
Sublayers of mucous membrane?
Epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa
150
Serous membrane structure?
Simple squamous epithelium resting on layer of areolar tissue
151
What is hyperplasia?
Growth through cell multiplication
152
What is hypertrophy?
Enlargement of preexisting cells (muscle and fat growth)
153
What is neoplasia?
Development of a tumor
154
What is differentiation?
Development of more specialized form and function by unspecialized tissue
155
What are stem cells?
Undifferentiated cells that are not yet performing a specialized function. Can mature into different types of cells
156
What are embryonic stem cells?
Pluripotent - can develop into any type of cell in the embryo
157
What are adult stem cells?
Stem cells in mature organs. Can be multipotent - can become different cell types, or can be unipotent - can only turn into 1 cell type
158
Define regeneration
Replacement of dead or damaged cells by same type of cell as before. Restores normal function
159
Define fibrosis
Replacement of damaged cells w/ scar tissue. Holds organs together, does not restore function
160
Stages of healing a wound?
1 - severed vessels bleed into cut. blood plasma comes in carrying antibodies and clotting proteins
2 - scab formation. blood clot and macrophages prevent infection
3 - granulation tissue forms. new capillaries sprout. clot is removed and new collagen comes in
4 - connective tissue undergoes fibrosis. epithelium regenerates
161
What is tissue engineering?
Artificial production of tissues and organs in a lab for implantation in human body
162
What is atrophy?
Shrinkage of a tissue through loss in cell size or number
163
Types of atrophy?
Senile and disuse
164
What is necrosis?
Pathological tissue death due to trauma, toxins, or infections
165
What is infarction necrosis?
Sudden death of tissue when blood supply is cut off
166
What is gangrene necrosis?
Necrosis due to insufficient blood supply (usually bc of infection)
167
What is apoptosis?
Programmed cell death. Occurs when they're done w their purpose and their best option is to get out of the way
168
What process takes out cells in apoptosis?
Macrophages phagocytize them. The extracellular suicide signal binds receptor protein in plasma membrane called Fas, which activates endonuclease to chop up DNA and protease to destroy proteins
