Lecture Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What do the scalene muscles do?
A
They rotate the neck, or elevate the ribs
2
Q
What does the sternocleidomastoid do?
A
Rotates the head. Left one turns the head right, right one turns the head left
3
Q
What does the sternohyoid muscle do?
A
Depress the hyoid
4
Q
What does the sternothyroid muscle do?
A
Depress the thyroid cartilage
5
Q
What does the omohyoid muscle do?
A
Depress the hyoid
6
Q
What does the platysma muscle do?
A
Draw the lower lip and corner of the mouth sideways and down
7
Q
What are the 4 suprahyoid muscles?
A
Digastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, and stylohyoid
8
Q
What does the digastric muscle do?
A
Assist in opening and closing jaw. Facilitate tongue movement. Opens mouth widely
9
Q
What does the geniohyoid muscle do?
A
Assist in respiration and swallowing
10
Q
What does the mylohyoid muscle do?
A
Elevate floor of mouth at beginning of swallowing
11
Q
What does the stylohyoid muscle do?
A
Elevates hyoid
12
Q
What does the frontalis muscle do?
A
Raise the eyebrows and wrinkle the forehead
13
Q
What is the galea aponeurotica?
A
A wide layer of dense fibrous tissue covering the upper part of the cranium, allowing the scalp to move freely
14
Q
What does the occipitalis muscle do?
A
Pull back the forehead
15
Q
What does the masseter muscle do?
A
Elevate the mandible
16
Q
What does the temporalis muscle do?
A
Elevate the mandible, synergizing with the masseter
17
Q
What do the pterygoids do?
A
Pull on the jaw horizontally, help in rotatory chewing
18
Q
What does the orbicularis oculi do?
A
Ring the eye and close the eyelid
19
Q
What does the orbicularis oris do?
A
Ring and close the mouth
20
Q
What does the corrugator supercilii do?
A
Furrow the eyebrows and wrinkle the forehead
21
Q
What do the zygomaticus muscles do?
A
Elevate the corners of the mouth, pulling them superiorly and laterally
22
Q
What do the risorius muscles do?
A
Pull at the lips laterally, for laughing
23
Q
What does the mentalis muscle do?
A
Raises the central portion of the lips, and moves the soft tissue of the chin inward and upward
24
Q
What does the depressor labii inferioris muscle do?
A
Pulls the lower lip inferiorly, like when pouting
25
What does the levator labii superioris do?
Raises the skin of the upper lip and expand the nostrils
26
What does the nasalis muscle do?
Widen nostrils
27
What do the trapezius muscles do?
Stabilize and move the scapula. Elevate and depress shoulder apex
28
What do the external intercostals do?
Elevate and move ribs forward, for inflow of air
29
What do the internal intercostals do?
Depress and retract ribs, expelling air
30
What does the external abdominal oblique do?
Support viscera, aid in breathing and waist rotation
31
What does the internal abdominal oblique do?
Rotate waist and maintain abdominal tension
32
What does the transverse abdominal do?
Compress abdominal contents and contribute to movements of vertebral column
33
What does the rectus abdominis do?
Flex lumbar region of vertebral column, and produce forward bending at the waist
34
What does the erector spinae do?
Aid in sitting and standing erect
35
What does the urogenital triangle do?
Has a sphincter for urethral waste
36
What does the anal traingle do?
Has a sphincter for anal waste
37
What is a hernia?
Viscera protruding through a weak point in the muscular wall of the abdominopelvic cavity
38
Where is an inguinal hernia?
Viscera enter inguinal canal or scrotum (common in men, rare in women)
39
Where is a hiatal hernia?
Stomach protrudes through diaphragm into thorax (overweight people over 40)
40
Where is an umbilical hernia?
Viscera protrude through the navel
41
What is compartment syndrome?
One of the muscles or blood vessels in a compartment is injured
42
What does the pectoralis minor do?
Draw scapula laterally
43
What does the serratus anterior do?
Draw scapula laterally and forward, for reaching and pushing
44
What does the levator scapulae do?
Elevate scapula, flex neck laterally
45
What do the rhomboids do?
Retract scapula and brace shoulder
46
What does the pectoralis major do?
Flex, adduct, and medially rotate humerus. + Deep breathing
47
What does the latissimus dorsi do?
Adduct and medially rotate humerus
48
What does the deltoid do?
Rotate and abduct arm
49
What does the teres major do?
Extend and medially rotate the humerus
50
What does the rotator cuff do?
Hold the humerus in place
51
What do the brachialis and biceps brachii do?
Flex elbow
52
What does the triceps brachii do?
Extend elbow
53
What does the brachioradialis do?
Flex elbow
54
What does the anconeus do?
Extend elbow
55
What does the pronator quadratus do?
Pronate forearm
56
What does the pronator teres do?
Assist pronator quadratus in pronating forearm
57
What does the supinator do?
Supinate the forearm
58
What does the flexor carpi radialis do?
Flex wrist
59
What does the flexor carpi ulnaris do?
Flex wrist
60
What does the palmaris longus do?
Anchor skin and fascia of palmar region
61
What does the iliacus do?
Flex the thigh at the hip
62
What does the psoas major do?
Flex the thigh at the hip
63
What does the tensor fasciae latae do?
Extend and laterally rotate knee
64
What does the gluteus maximus do?
Form mass of buttock, prime hip extensor (lifts when you climb stairs)
65
What do the gluteus medius and minimus do?
Abduct and medially rotate thigh
66
What are the primary adductors of the thigh?
Adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, gracilis, pectineus
67
What does the quadriceps femoris do?
Extend knee. Most powerful muscle in the body
68
Most powerful muscle in the body?
Quadriceps femoris
69
Longest muscle in the body?
Sartorius
70
What do the hamstring muscles do?
Flex thigh
71
What does the tibialis anterior muscle do?
Dorsiflex ankle
72
What do the fibularis longus and brevis do?
Plantarflex the ankle
73
What does the gastrocnemius muscle do?
Plantar flex foot, flex knee
74
What does the soleus muscle do?
Plantar flexes foot
75
What does the plantaris muscle do?
Synergizes with triceps surae
76
What is the triceps surae?
Collective name for gastrocnemius and soleus
77
Functions of muscles?
Movement, stability, control of openings and passageways, heat production, glycemic control
78
Types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
79
What is the study of the muscular system?
Myology
80
What are skeletal muscles made up of?
Skeletal muscle tissue, connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels
81
What is the endomysium?
Connective tissue enclosing a muscle fiber
82
What is the perimysium?
Connective tissue wrapping around fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers)
83
What is the endomysium?
Fibrous sheath around an entire muscle
84
What is a fascia?
A sheet of connective tissue around a whole muscle (incld. endomysium) that separates muscles from one another
85
What are the shapes of muscles?
Fusiform, parallel, triangular, unipennate, bipennate, multipennate, and circular
86
How are muscles attached to bone?
Tendons
87
What is direct attachment?
Muscle appears to sprout from bone but it really is connected by a tendon
88
What is an indirect attachment?
Tendon obviously connects muscle to bone
89
What is an aponeurosis?
Broad, flat sheet tendon
90
What is a retinaculum?
Connective tissue band which tendons pass underneath
91
What is an origin of a muscle?
Bony attachment at stationary end
92
What is the belly of a muscle?
The thick middle region between origin and insertion
93
What is an insertion of a muscle?
Bony attachment at the mobile end. Usually moves toward the origin in contraction
94
What is an action?
Effect produced by a muscle
95
What is a prime mover?
AKA an agonist, produces most of the force during a joint action
96
What is a synergist?
Muscle that aids the prime mover
97
What is an antagonist?
Muscle that opposes the prime mover
98
What is a fixator?
Muscle that prevents bone from moving
99
What is an innervation?
The nerve that stimulates a muscle
100
How does blood reach muscle fibers?
Capillaries branch through the endomysium
101
How does blood reach muscle fibers?
102
What is a joint?
Any point where 2 bones meet, whether movable or not
103
What is the study of joint structure and function?
Arthrology
104
What is the study of musculoskeletal movement?
Kinesiology
105
How are joints named?
Typically, from the names of bones involved
106
What are the joint categories?
Bony joints, fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints
107
What is a bony joint?
AKA synostosis, an immobile joint formed when the gap between 2 bones ossifies and becomes one
108
What is a fibrous joint?
AKA synarthrosis, when adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers coming from one and penetrating into the other
109
Types of fibrous joints?
Sutures, gomphosis, syndesmosis
110
What are sutures?
A fibrous joint. Immobile or slightly mobile fibrous joints where short collagen fibers bind the bones of the skull to each other
111
What are serrate sutures?
Interlocking wavy lines
112
What are lap/squamous sutures?
Overlapping beveled edges
113
What are plane/butt sutures?
Straight, non-overlapping edges
114
What is gomphosis?
A fibrous joint. Attachment of tooth to its socket. The only joint not joining 2 bones. Held in place by periodontal ligament
115
What is syndesmosis?
A fibrous joint. 2 bones are bound by long collagen fibers
116
What are cartilaginous joints?
AKA amphiarthrosis, 2 bones linked by cartilage
117
Types of cartilaginous joints?
Synchondroses and syphyses
118
What is synchondrosis?
Bones joined by hyaline cartilage
119
What is symphysis?
Bones joined by fibrocartilage
120
What are synovial joints?
AKA diarthrosis, a joint in which 2 bones are separated by a joint cavity
121
What is articular cartilage?
A layer of smooth, hyaline cartilage that covers the facing surfaces of 2 bones
121
Most movable joint
Synovial joints
121
What is articular cartilage?
122
What is a joint/articular cavity?
Separates articular surfaces
123
What is synovial fluid?
Viscous, slippery lubricant in joint cavity
124
What is a joint/articular capsule?
Connective tissue that encloses the cavity and retains the fluid
125
What is the outer fibrous capsule?
126
What is a synovial membrane?
Type of joint capsule, composed cells that secrete synovial fluid and macrophages to remove debris
127
What is an articular disc?
A pad between articulating bones, crossing the joint capsule
128
What is a meniscus?
A moon-shaped cartilage in the knee that absorbs shock and pressure
129
What is a ligament?
Strip of collagenous tissue attaching one bone to another
130
What is a bursa?
A fibrous sac filled w/ synovial fluid between muscles, or between bone and skin
131
What is a tendon sheath?
Elongated cylindrical bursa wrapped around a tendon, lubricates it
132
What is a lever?
Any elongated, rigid object that rotates around a fixed point called a fulcrum. Effort is applied to the lever to overcome the resistance
133
What is range of motion?
The degrees through which a joint can move
134
What is a multiaxial joint?
135
What are the classes of synovial joints?
Ball-and-socket, condylar, saddle, plane, hinge, and pivot
136
Most freely mobile joint in the body?
Glenohumeral/humeroscapular joint
137
What is the glenoid labrum?
Fibrocartilage ring that deepens the glenoid cavity
138
Muscles of the rotator cuff?
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis
139
What is the humeroulnar joint?
Trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna
140
What is the humeroradial joint?
Capitulum of humerus and head of radius
141
Most stable joint?
Hip joint
142
What is the acetabular labrum?
Ring of fibrocartilage that deepens hip socket
143
What ligaments support the hip joint?
Iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral
144
Largest and most complex diarthrosis?
Tibiofemoral joint (knee)
145
What does the ACL do?
Prevent hyperextension of knee
146
What do the bursae in the knee joint do?
147
Why do knee injuries heal so slow?
Not a lot of blood flow
148
What is arthroscopy?
Procedure in which interior of joint is viewed w/ thin arthroscope inserted through small incision
149
Articulations of talocrural joint?
Medial (tibia, talus) and lateral (fibula, talus)
150
What is arthritis?
Pain and inflammation of joints
151
Most common form of arthritis?
Osteoarthritis
152
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
Autoimmune attack against joint tissues
153
What is arthroplasty?
Replacement of diseased joint w/ prosthesis
154
What is zero position?
The position of a joint when in anatomical position
155
What cartilage can endure more stress?
Fibrocartilage
156
Components of a joint capsule?
Joint capsule, fibrous capsule, synovial membrane
157
What kind of joints are always freely movable?
Synovial
158
What joints are usually biaxial?
Plane joints
159
What is the only diarthrotic joint of the skull?
The temporomandibular joint
160
Why is the elbow joint complex?
It has hinge and pivot characteristics
161
Functions of skeleton?
Support, protection, movement, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, blood formation
162
Components of the skeletal system?
Bones, cartilages, ligaments
163
What do ligaments connect?
Bone to bone
164
What is calcification?
The hardening process of bone
165
What do individual bones consist of?
Bone tissue, bone marrow, cartilage, adipose tissue, nervous tissue, and fibrous connective tissue
166
What are the types of bone shape?
Flat, long, short, irregular
167
What is compact bone?
The dense outer shell of bone
168
What is spongy bone?
Loosely organized bone tissue in epiphyses
169
What is the diaphysis?
Shaft that provides leverage in a long bone
170
What is the medullary cavity?
Space in diaphysis of long bone that contains bone marrow and yellow marrow
171
What are epiphyses?
Heads of a long bone, strengthen joint and anchor ligaments and tendons
172
What is articular cartilage?
Layer of hyaline cartilage that covers joint surface and lets joint move more freely
173
What is the epiphyseal plate?
Hyaline cartilage that separated epiphyses and diaphyses, enables growth in length
174
What is the periosteum?
External sheath covering long bone
175
What is the endosteum?
Thin layer of reticular connective tissue lining marrow cavity
176
How are flat bones constructed?
2 layers of compact bone enclose a layer of spongy bone (diploe)
177
What are osteogenic cells?
Stem cells which give rise to other bone cell types
178
What are osteoblasts?
Bone-forming cells
179
What are osteocytes?
Former osteoblasts now trapped in the matrix they deposited
180
What are lacunae?
Cavities in which osteocytes reside
181
What ate canaliculi?
Little channels that connect lacunae
182
What are osteoclasts?
Bone-dissolving cells
183
What is resorption?
Dissolving bone and returning the minerals to the bloodstream
184
What is bone made of?
A combo of a ceramic (minerals) and a polymer (collagen)
185
What are lamellae?
Rings around a central canal
186
What are perforating canals?
Transverse passages where blood vessels and nerves run
187
What makes up spongy bone?
Spicules and trabeculae
188
What is red marrow?
Bone marrow that produces blood cells
189
What is yellow marrow?
Only in adults, bone marrow that stores fat
190
How does bone develop in fetuses/infants?
Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification
191
How does intramembranous ossification work?
Mostly for flat bones, it kinda sandwiches itself in w/ calcification
192
How does endochondral ossification work?
Forms most bones, grows longer w/ ossification centers
193
What is the metaphysis?
A zone of transition facing marrow cavity where cartilage gets replaced w/ bone
194
What is interstitial growth?
Bones increasing in length
195
What is appositional growth?
Diameter growth at bone's surface
196
How much of your skeleton is replaced each year?
10%
197
What body systems are especially dependent on calcium homeostasis?
Nervous and muscular
198
What is mineral deposition?
Process in which calcium, phosphate, and other ions are taken from blood and deposited in bone
199
What is abnormal calcification?
199
What is abnormal calcification?
Formation of a calcified mass in an otherwise soft organ
200
What does phosphate do?
It's a component of dna, rna, atp, phospholipids, and pH buffers
201
What does calcium do?
Aids in neuron communication, muscle contraction, blood clotting, and exocytosis
202
What does calcitriol do?
Raise blood calcium level
203
What does calcitonin do?
Lower blood calcium
204
What does parathyroid hormone do?
Raise blood calcium levels
205
What is hypocalcemia?
Calcium deficiency, causes muscle spasms
206
What is hypercalcemia?
Excessive calcium levels, causes sluggishness
207
What is a stress fracture?
A break in bone caused by abnormal trauma to it
208
What is a pathological fracture?
Break in a bone weakened by a disease
209
What is a nondisplaced fracture?
Bone pieces remain in proper alignment
210
What is a displaced fracture?
At least one piece of bone is shifted out of alignment with the other
211
What is a comminuted fracture?
A bone is broken in 3 or more pieces
212
What is a greenstick fracture?
A bone is incompletely broken on one side and bent on the opposite ride
213
How do fractures heal?
Hematoma forms, soft callus forms, hard callus forms, bone remodels
214
What is a closed reduction?
Bone fragments are manipulated into normal positions w/o surgery
215
What is an open reduction?
Surgery w/ pins, plates, screws etc to realign bone fragments
216
What are bone condyles and heads?
Projections where the bone articulates w/ another
217
What are foramina, canals, and fissures?
Depressions and holes in bone that act as passageways for blood vessels and nerves
218
Components of appendicular skeleton?
Arms, legs, pelvis, shoulder area
219
Components of pectoral girdle?
Scapulae and clavicles
220
Components of axial skeleton?
Skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, rib cage
221
Characteristics of muscle?
Conductivity, contractility, excitability, extensibility, elasticity
222
Features of skeletal muscle?
Striated, voluntary. Long fibers
223
Connective tissue wrappings of muscle in order?
Endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium. And then fascia
224
What is sarcolemma?
Plasma membrane of a muscle fiber
225
What is sarcoplasm?
Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
226
What are myofibrils?
Long protein cords occupying most of sarcoplasm
227
What is glycogen?
Carbs stored for exercise energy
228
What is myoglobin?
Pigment that provides oxygen for exercise
229
What are myoblasts?
Cells that fuse to form muscle fibers
230
What are satellite cells?
Unspecialized myoblasts that regenerate damaged skeletal muscle tissue
231
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Smooth ER that forms a network around each myofibril
232
What are terminal cisterns?
Sacs of SR that cross muscle fiber from one side to the other and store calcium
233
What are T tubules?
Tubular infoldings of sarcolemma that penetrate through cell and emerge on other side
234
What are thick filaments made up of?
Myosin molecules
235
What are thin filaments made up of?
Actin, tropomyosin, and troponin
236
What are elastic filaments?
Made of titin, run through thin filament and anchor it to Z disc and M line
237
What is dystrophin?
A protein that links actin to the endomysium
238
What are the contractile proteins?
Actin and myosin
239
What are the regulatory proteins?
Troponin and tropomyosin
240
What are dark bands?
A bands
241
What are light bands?
I bands
242
What are Z discs?
Anchorage for thin and elastic filaments
243
What is a sarcomere?
A muscle segment from z disc to z disc. Functional unit of muscle fiber
244
What are somatic motor neurons?
Nerve cells that serve skeletal muscles
245
What are tubercles, spines, and trochanters?
Attachment points for muscles and ligaments
246
What is a motor unit?
One nerve fiber and the muscle fibers innervated by it
247
What is a synapse?
Point where a nerve fiber meets its target
248
What is a neuromuscular junction?
Point where a nerve fiber meets a muscle cell
249
What is an axon terminal?
End of nerve fiber that contains synaptic vesicles w ACh
250
What is a synaptic cleft?
Gap between axon terminal and sarcolemma
251
What is ACh?
A neurotransmitter that helps trigger contraction
252
What is AChE?
An enzyme that breaks down ACh, allowing the muscle to relax
253
Resting membrane potential?
Abt -90 mv in skeletal muscle cells
254
What is depolarization?
Inside of plasma membrane becomes positive bc Na+ rushes in
255
What is an action potential?
Quick up-and-down voltage shift
256
Stages of contraction and relaxation?
Excitation, excitation-contraction coupling, contraction, relaxation
257
What is repolarization?
K+ leaves cell and membrane turns negative again
258
Where do different muscle cells get information from?
Cardiac and smooth - autonomic nervous system
Skeletal - somatic nervous system
