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Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some functions the ANS regulates?

A

Heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, respiratory airflow, pupillary diameter, digestion, energy metabolism, defecation, urination, sexual function

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2
Q

What does the ANS control?

A

Glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

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3
Q

Primary target organs of ANS?

A

Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity viscera, cutaneous blood vessels, sweat glands, piloerector muscles

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3
Q

What would happen if the nerve was severed from an autonomic organ?

A

It would continue working, but w/ exaggerated responses - denervation hypersensitivity

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4
Q

What would happen if the nerve was severed from a somatic organ?

A

It would exhibit flaccid paralysis and be unable to function

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5
Q

What are visceral reflexes?

A

Unconscious, automatic, stereotyped responses to stimulation. A bit slower than somatic reflexes

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6
Q

Components of a visceral reflex arc?

A

Receptors (detect stretch, tissue damage, chemicals, body temp, etc) -> afferent neurons to CNS -> integrating center (interneurons) -> efferent neurons -> effector (gland or viscera)

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7
Q

How would a baroreflex work?

A

Baroreceptors sense increased BP, glossopharyngeal nerve transmits signals to medulla, vagus nerve transmits inhibitory signals to cardiac pacemaker, heart rate decreases

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8
Q

Divisions of ANS?

A

Sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest)

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9
Q

How long are pre and postganglionic fibers in sympathetic nervous system?

A

Short pre, long post

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10
Q

How long are pre and postganglionic fibers in parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Long pre, short post

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11
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A

Increase heart rate, blood pressure, airflow, blood glucose levels, and pupillary dilation. Releases blood flow to skin, GI tract, and urinary output

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12
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

Reduce energy expenditure, stimulate digestion, urination, defecation, glycogen synthesis. And bronchoconstriction and decreases cardiac contractions

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13
Q

What is autonomic tone?

A

Normal background rate of activity that represents the balance of the 2 systems according to the body’s needs

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14
Q

What is sympathetic tone?

A

Keeps blood vessels partially constricted and maintains blood pressure

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15
Q

Difference between pathways in somatic and autonomic reflex arcs?

A

Somatic is CNS to skeletal muscle directly, autonomic is CNS to preganglionic fiber to postganglionic fiber to target cell

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16
Q

What is parasympathetic tone?

A

Maintains smooth muscle tone in intestines

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17
Q

Where do sympathetic division nerve fibers arise from?

A

Thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord

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18
Q

Another name for sympathetic division?

A

Thoracolumbar division

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19
Q

How do sympathetic nerves exit the spinal cord and what do they lead to?

A

Exit via spinal nerves T1-L2 and lead to paravertebral ganglia

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20
Q

What ramus is preganglionic fibers?

A

White

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21
Q

What ramus is postganglionic fibers?

A

Gray

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22
Q

How do nerve fibers leave chain?

A

Spinal, sympathetic, or splanchnic

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23
Q

How do nerve fibers exit via spinal?

A

Exit by way of gray ramus, return to spinal cord, travel rest of way to target organ

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24
What are muscles and body wall effectors innervated by?
Spinal fibers
25
How do nerve fibers exit via sympathetic?
Via sympathetic nerves extending to heart/lungs/esophagus/thoracic blood vessels, forming carotid plexus around arteries, issuing fibers from there to effectors in the head
26
What are effectors in the head and thoracic cavity innervated by?
Sympathetic nerves
27
How do nerve fibers exit via splanchnic?
Pass through sympathetic ganglia without synapsing, continue beyond ganglia, lead to collateral ganglia, and synapse w/ postganglionics
28
What are effectors in the abdominopelvic cavity innervated by?
Splanchnic nerves
29
What is the abdominal aortic plexus?
A network of collateral ganglia wrapped around the aorta
30
Major collateral ganglia?
Celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric
31
What is the solar plexus?
Collective name for celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia
32
What is neural divergence?
When a preganglionic cell branches and synapses into multiple postganglionic cells
33
How many postganglionic fibers are innervated by 1 preganglionic neuron in the sympathetic division?
10-20
34
How many postganglionic fibers are innervated by 1 preganglionic neuron in the parasympathetic division?
5 or less
35
What does the adrenal cortex do?
Secrete steroid hormones
36
What does the adrenal medulla do?
Essentially functions as a sympathetic ganglion
37
What are adrenal medullas made of?
Modified postganglionic neurons without dendrites or axons
38
What is the sympathoadrenal system?
The sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla, they're paired because they're close in development and function
39
What are catecholamines?
85% epinephrine and 15% norepinephrine, w/ a trace of dopamine, secreted by the adrenal medulla. Can function as neurotransmitters
40
What is an intramural ganglion?
In the parasympathetic nervous system, preganglionic fibers that end in the wall of the target organ
41
Where are somas/origins of preganglionic neurons located?
Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, and S2-S4 of spinal cord
42
How do fibers reaching target organs differ for sympathetic and parasympathetic divisons?
In sympathetic - postganglionic fiber reaches target organ. In parasympathetic - preganglionic fiber reaches target organ before there's a divergence
43
From what nerves do fibers leave the brainstem?
Oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus
44
What does the oculomotor nerve do?
Narrow pupils and focus lenses
45
What does the facial nerve do?
Control tear, nasal, and salivary glands
46
What does the glossopharyngeal nerve do?
Parotid salivary gland
47
What does the vagus nerve do?
Carry 90% of parasympathetic preganglionic fibers; and control viscera as far as the proximal half of the colon
48
What do the remaining fibers from S2 to S4 do?
Travel by pelvic nerves to terminal ganglia in distal half of colon, rectum, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs
49
What is the enternic nervous system?
The digestive tract; it doesn't arise from brainstem or spinal cord but it does innervate smooth muscle and glands so it's debatably part of the ANS
50
What is the enternic nervous system made of?
100 million neurons in the walls of the digestive tract
51
Does the enteric nervous system have reflex arcs?
Yes, but they're not associated w/ the spinal cord
52
What does the enteric nervous system do?
Regulate the motility of the esophagus, stomach, and intestines, and regulate secretion of digestive enzymes and acid
53
Where are paired adrenal glands?
Resting on the superior poles of the kidneys
53
What are the glands of 1 adrenal gland?
Outer rind, or adrenal cortex, and inner core, or adrenal medulla
54
How is digestion carried out?
By the enteric nervous system, but also the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
55
What do sympathetic preganglionic fibers secrete?
ACh
56
What do sympathetic postganglionic fibers secrete?
Norepinephrine mostly, sometimes ACh
57
What do parasympathetic preganglionic fibers secrete?
ACh
58
What do parasympathetic postganglionic fibers secrete?
ACh
59
What does cholinergic mean?
Secretes ACh
60
What does adrenergic mean?
Secretes norepinephrine
61
Can divisions of the ANS have contrasting effects on organs?
Yeah
62
Why do autonomic neurons have different effects?
Symp. and parasymp. fibers secrete diff neurotransmitters + target cells respond in diff ways even to the same neurotransmitter just depending on what receptors they have for it
63
What do autonomic nerve fibers secrete?
Acetylcholine or norepinephrine
64
What sympathetic postganglionics secrete ACh?
Ones innervating sweat glands and some blood vessels
65
What are cholinergic fibers?
Any nerve fiber that secretes ACh
66
What are cholinergic receptors?
Any receptor that binds ACh
67
Categories of cholinergic receptors?
Muscarinic and nicotinic
68
What are muscarinic receptors?
Type of ACh receptor; found in cardiac and smooth muscle and gland cells. Excitatory or inhibitory
69
What are nicotinic receptors?
Type of ACh receptor; in all ANS postganglionic neurons + adrenal medulla + neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscle. Always excitatory
70
What are adrenergic fibers?
Fibers that secrete norepinephrine
71
What are adrenergic receptors?
Receptors that bind norepinephrine
72
What are alpha-adrenergic receptors?
NE receptor; usually excitatory and promoted labor contractions, stimulates piloerection, constricts dermal blood vessels, and inhibits intestinal motility
73
Types of norepinephrine receptors?
Alpha-adrenergic and beta-adrenergic
74
What are beta-adrenergic receptors?
NE receptor; usually inhibitory, relaxes and dilates bronchioles while exciting cardiac muscle - useful for exercise
75
What effects last longer, sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Sympathetic
76
How is secretion affected by blood flow?
Secretions begin as a filtrate of blood, so increasing blood flow through a gland increases secretion, and vice versa
77
What happens to ACh after it's secreted?
It quickly is broken down by AChE
78
What happens to NE after it's secreted?
It gets broken down by MAO or COMT, or it circulates in the bloodstream for a bit before the liver degrades it
79
What can sympathetic fibers secrete?
Enkephalin, substance P, neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, neurotensin, or gonadotropin-releasing hormone
80
What can parasympathetic fibers secrete?
Nitric oxide
81
What is nitric oxide necessary for?
Penile erection
82
What is dual innervation?
When viscera receive nerve fibers from both parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions
83
What is an antagonist effect?
When 2 effects oppose each other
84
What is a cooperative effect?
When 2 divisions act on different effectors for an overall unified effect
85
What is sympathetic vasomotor tone?
A state of partial constriction in blood vessels
86
How is blood pressure regulated?
Without dual innervation - the sympathetic fibers maintain a partial contraction so increasing firing rate constricts the vessel and vice versa
87
How are antagonistic effects exerted?
Dual innervation of the same effector cells, or each division innervating different effector which have opposite effects
88
What can influence the ANS?
Cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
89
How does the cerebral cortex influence the ANS?
Powerful emotions influence the ANS because of connections between our limbic system and the hypothalamus. Like anger raises blood pressure, fear makes heart race, etc
90
How does the hypothalamus impact the ANS?
It's a major visceral control center containing nuclei that control primitive functions such as hunger, thirst, and sex
91
How do the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata influence the ANS?
They contain nuclei for cardiac and vasomotor control, salivation, swallowing, sweating, bladder control, and pupillary changes
92
How are defecation and urination and ejaculation controlled?
Via spinal cord reflexes, but if those are severed, the autonomic reflexes then take over
93
What is neuropharmacology?
The study of effects of drugs on the nervous system
94
What do sympathomimetics do?
Enhance sympathetic activity. Stimulate receptors or increase norepinephrine release
95
What do sympatholytics do?
Suppress sympathetic activity. Block receptors or inhibit norepinephrine release
96
What do parasympathomimetics do?
Enhance activity of parasympathetic nervous system
97
What do parasympatholytics do?
Suppress activity of parasympathetic nervous system
98
How does Prozac work?
It acts like a neurotransmitter on the CNS, blocking reuptake of serotonin to prolong its mood-elevating effect
99
How does caffeine work?
It competes with adenosine (which, when present, causes sleepiness) by binding to its receptors
100
What is autonomic tone?
The balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity
101
Sympathetic fibers arise from what regions of the spinal cord?
Thoracic and lumbar
102
Why do parasympathetic effects last longer?
When parasymp. releases ACh, it quickly is broken down. Meanwhile, NE gets to circulate
103
Do all sympathetic postganglionic adrenergic fibers secrete adrenaline?
Yes
104
Autonomic nervous system fibers are not involved in:
Maintaining tonicity of the muscles of the neck
105
Preganglionic fibers of the autonomic efferent pathway are ____ and secrete _____
Myelinated, acetylcholine
106
Does acetylcholine always have an excitatory effect?
No
107
Where do fibers of the vagus nerve end?
Very near or within their target organs
108
Antagonistic effects of the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system are exemplified in the control of...
Gastrointestinal motility
109
If a cell as alpha 1 adrenergic receptors, it is sensitive to....
Adrenaline and norepinephrine
110
In response to high blood pressure, stretch receptors called ____ in the walls of arteries carrying blood to the head will trigger a reflex that causes the heart to ____ its beats per minute
Baroreceptors, decrease

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