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Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an element?

A

The simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties

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2
Q

What is an atomic number?

A

Number of protons in an element’s nucleus

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3
Q

What atoms are found in the nucleus?

A

Protons and neutrons

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4
Q

What atom is found outside the nucleus?

A

Electrons

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5
Q

What are valence electrons?

A

Electrons in the outermost shell that determine an atom’s chemical bonding properties

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6
Q

What is atomic mass?

A

The total number of protons and neutrons

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7
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Varieties of an element that differ in number of neutrons (and atomic mass)

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8
Q

What is an ion?

A

A charged particle (atom or molecule) with unequal numbers of protons and electrons

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9
Q

What is an anion?

A

A particle with a net negative charge (more electrons than protons)

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10
Q

What is a cation?

A

A particle with a new positive charge (less electrons than protons)

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11
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

Substances that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting electric currents

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12
Q

Why are electrolytes important?

A

Chemical reactivity, osmosis, electrical excitability of nerve and muscle

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13
Q

What are free radicals?

A

Short-lived particles with an unusual number of electrons, can trigger destructive and harmful reactions

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14
Q

What are antioxidants?

A

Chemicals that neutralize free radicals

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15
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A chemical particle composed of two or more atoms

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16
Q

What is a compound?

A

A molecule composed of 2 or more different elements

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17
Q

What is a chemical bond?

A

Something that holds atoms together within a molecule or attracts molecules to each other

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18
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

Attractions between anions and cations where they exchange electrons. Easily broken by water

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19
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

2 molecules sharing electrons. Polar and non-polar

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20
Q

When is a covalent bond polar?

A

When the electrons are not shared equally between the molecules

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21
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

A weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom in another

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22
Q

How are water molecules attracted to one another?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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23
Q

What is a mixture?

A

Something physically blended but not chemically combined

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24
Q

What are the 5 properties of water?

A

Solvency, cohesion, adhesion, chemical reactivity, and thermal stability

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25
Solvency is
The ability to dissolve other chemicals
26
Adhesion is
Tendency of one substance to cling to another
27
Cohesion is
Tendency of like molecules to cling to each other
28
Chemical reactivity is
The ability to participate in chemical reactions
29
Thermal stability is
Ability of water to absorb heat without changing much in temperature
30
What is a solution?
A mix of solute combined with a more abundant substance, solvent
31
What are colloids?
Mixtures of protein and water
32
What are the properties of colloids?
Medium size particles, permanently mixed, opaque
33
What are suspensions?
Mixes with really big particles that can't remain mixed, can't penetrate membranes either. Cloudy or opaque, separates upon standing
34
What are suspensions?
Mixes with really big particles that can't remain mixed, can't penetrate membranes either. Cloudy or opaque, separates upon standing
35
What is an emulsion?
A suspension of one liquid in another
36
What is an acid?
Something that releases H+
37
What is a base?
Something that accepts H+
38
What is pH?
A measure of the molarity of H+
39
What multiple does one full number on the pH scale represent?
A tenfold change in H+ concentration. Ex: pH 4.0 is 10x more acidic than 5.0
40
What are buffers?
Solutions that resist changes in pH
41
What is metabolism?
All chemical reactions of the body
42
What is catabolism?
Energy-releasing decomposition reactions. Breaks covalent bonds and produces smaller molecules
43
What is anabolism?
Energy-storing synthesis reactions. Requires energy input, used for production of protein or fat
44
What is organic chemistry?
The study of compounds containing carbon
45
4 categories of carbon compounds?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
46
What is a macromolecule?
A very large organic molecule with high molecular weight
47
What is a polymer?
A macromolecule made of a repetitive series of identical or similar subunits (monomers)
48
What is polymerization?
Joining monomers to form a polymer
49
What is dehydration synthesis?
Removing water to bind monomers together to form a polymer
50
What is hydrolysis?
Adding water to break polymers into monomers
51
3 important monosaccharides?
Glucose, galactose, and fructose
52
3 important disaccharides?
Sucrose, lactose, maltose
53
3 important polysaccharides?
Glycogen, amylose, cellulose
54
What are carbs used for?
A quick source of energy
55
Are carbs hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Hydrophilic
56
Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Hydrophobic
57
5 types of lipids in humans?
Fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, eicosanoids, steroids
58
Is "good" cholesterol high or low density?
High density
59
What are proteins?
A polymer of amino acids
60
What is a peptide?
Any molecule composed of 2 or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds
61
What are peptide bonds?
Bonds that join the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of the next, formed by dehydration synthesis
62
Polypeptides have how many amino acids?
15+
63
Proteins have how many amino acids?
50+
64
What is conformation?
Unique, 3D shape of protein crucial to function
65
What is denaturation?
Extreme conformational change that destroys function. Extreme heat or pH
66
What is primary structure?
Protein's sequence of amino acids which is encoded in the genes
67
What is secondary structure?
Coiled or folded shape held together by hydrogen bonds
68
What are the functions of proteins?
Structure, communication, membrane transport, catalysis, recognition and protection, movement, cell adhesion
69
What are enzymes?
Proteins that function as biological catalusts
70
What is substrate?
Substance enzyme acts upon
71
What is activation energy?
Energy needed to get reaction started. Enzymes can lower this
72
What are 3 components of nucleotides?
Nitrogenous base, sugar, phosphate group(s)
73
BWhat are the types of nucleotides?
ATP, DNA, RNA
74
What is glucose?
Blood sugar
75
What is galactose?
Sugar made by breaking down milk
76
What is fructose?
Fruit sugar
77
What is sucrose?
Table sugar
78
What is lactose?
The sugar in milk
79
What is maltose?
Grain products
80
What is glycogen?
Made by humans, used for energy storage between meals
81
What is cellulose?
Starch, made by plants and helps us digest although we can't digest it
82
Where are glycolipids?
External surface of cell membrane
82
Where are glycoproteins?
External surface of cell membrane, mucus of respiratory and digestive tracts
82
83
What are proteoglycans?
Type of carb, bound to protein, holds cells and tissues together and used for joint lubrication
84
What is a saturated fat?
It holds as much hydrogen as possible
85
What is an unsaturated fat?
Could hold more hydrogen
86
What lipid is essential for the cell membrane?
Phospholipids
87
What are eicosanoids?
Lipids that help w/ signaling info, blood clotting, hormone action, labor contractions, and controlling blood vessels
88
What are steroids?
A type of lipid which is important for nervous system function and structural integrity of cell membranes
89
What are peptides?
Molecules made of amino acids and joined by peptide bonds
90
What is conformation?
3D shape of protein crucial to function. Can change to help function
91
What is denaturation?
Extreme conformational change that destroys the function of a protein
92
Function of proteins?
Structure, communication, membrane transport, catalysis, recognition and protection, movements, cell adhesion
93
What are enzymes?
Proteins that enable biochemical reactions to occur. Named for the substrate w/ -ase as a suffix
94
How does enzyme action work?
The substrate approaches the active site of the enzyme, fits in, gets broken down, and leaves. Super duper fast
95
What are nucleotides made of?
Sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group(s)
96
What are proteins made of?
Amino acids
97

‱ (40 decks)

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