Chapter 10 Flashcards
1
Q
Functions of muscle?
A
Movement, stability, control body openings, heat production, glycemic control
2
Q
What does “muscular system” refer to?
A
Skeletal muscles
3
Q
What is the study of skeletal muscles?
A
Myology
4
Q
What is the endomysium?
A
Thin sleeve of connective tissue around each muscle fiber
5
Q
What is the perimysium?
A
Thicker sheath of connective tissue that wraps multiple muscle fibers into a bundle called a fascicle
6
Q
What is the epimysium?
A
Fibrous sheath around an entire muscle, or multiple fascicles
7
Q
What is the fascia?
A
Sheet of connective tissue that separates neighboring muscles from one another
8
Q
So, order of skeletal muscle components from smallest and deepest to largest and most superficial?
A
Endomysium, perimysium, epimysium, fascia
9
Q
What are fusiform muscles?
A
Thick in the middle, tapered at the end. Relatively strong
10
Q
What are parallel muscles?
A
Fairly uniform width and parallel, like a column. Can span long distances, not as forceful
11
Q
What are triangular muscles?
A
Fan-shaped, relatively strong
12
Q
What are pennate muscles?
A
Feather shaped, 3 types
13
Q
What are unipennate muscles?
A
They look like a quill, and all fascicles approach tendon from one side
14
Q
What are bipennate muscles?
A
Looks like a full feather, and fascicles approach tendon from both sides
15
Q
What are multipennate muscles?
A
Looks like a leaf of lettuce, converges at a single point
16
Q
What are circular muscles?
A
Form rings around body opening and contract to prevent passage. Can also be made up of smooth muscle
17
Q
What are muscle compartments?
A
Groups of functionally related muscles
18
Q
What are direct attachments?
A
So little separation from muscle and bone that they appear to be attached. In reality, muscles stop short and collagen fibers bridge the gap
19
Q
What are indirect attachments?
A
Muscle ends noticeably short of the bone, and this is bridged by a tendon, which has collagen fibers extend into the bone
20
Q
What is aponeurosis?
A
A broad sheet-looking tendon
21
Q
What is retinaculum?
A
A band of connective tissue, under which groups of tendons pass under
22
Q
What is the origin?
A
The bony attachment at the stationary end of the muscle
23
Q
What is the belly?
A
Thicker, middle region between origin and insertion
24
Q
What is the insertion?
A
The bony attachment at the moving end of the muscle
25
What is an intrinsic muscle?
A muscle contained entirely within a region of interest
26
What is an extrinsic muscle?
A muscle that acts upon a designated organ or region, but arises from another region
27
What is a prime mover/agonist?
The muscle that produces most of the force during a particular joint action
28
What is a synergist?
A muscle that aids the prime mover
29
What is an antagonist?
A muscle that opposes the prime mover
30
What is a fixator?
A muscle that prevents a bone from moving
31
What is an innervation?
The nerve that supplies a given muscle
32
What does brevis mean?
Short
33
What does major mean?
Large
34
What is the frontalis?
Wrinkles forehead, raises eyebrows
35
What is the occipitalis?
Draws scalp posteriorly
36
Where is the frontalis?
Two bands above each eyebrow
37
Where is the occipitalis?
In the middle of the back of the head
38
What is the orbicularis oculi?
Closes eyelids for sleeping, blinking, helps tears flow
39
Where is the orbicularis oculi?
Ring around each eyeball
40
What is the nasalis?
Widens nostrils
41
Where is the nasalis?
Bridge of nose
42
What is the orbicularis oris?
Encircles mouth to close lips, kiss
43
Where is the orbicularis oris?
Around the lips
44
What is the zygomaticus major and minor?
Elevates corner of mouth for smiling, laughing, sneering, exposes teeth
45
Where is the zygomaticus major?
Inferior and lateral to the zygomaticus minor; kind of along the cheekbone attaching to the mouth
46
Where is the zygomaticus minor?
Superior and medial to the zygomaticus major; kind of along the cheekbone attaching to the mouth
47
What is the mentalis?
Elevates and protrudes lip in drinking, pouting
48
Where is the mentalis?
Chin
49
What is the buccinator?
Compresses cheek, directs food between molars, puckers cheeks
50
Where is the buccinator?
Deeper than the zygomaticus, like diagonal from lip corner to ear
51
What is the platysma?
Draws lip and mouth downward for horror and surprise, may aid in opening mouth
52
Where is the platysma?
Very top of the neck, on the left and right of the front
53
What is a depression of the mouth?
Opening it
54
What is an elevation of the mouth?
Biting and grinding
55
What is a protraction of the mouth?
Incisors can cut
56
What is a retraction of the mouth?
Make rear teeth meet
57
What are lateral and medial excursions of the mouth?
Grinding food
58
What is the temporalis?
Closes mandible
59
Where is the temporalis?
Overlying temporal bones
60
What is the masseter?
Originates on zygomatic arch, inserts on the angle of the mandible
61
Where is the masseter?
On the angle of the jaw
62
What is the digastric muscle?
Opens mouth widely (depresses mandible)
63
Where is the digastric muscle?
Under the chin, above the hyoid, vertical-ish
64
What is the mylohyoid?
Elevates floor of mouth at beginning of swallowing
65
Where is the mylohyoid?
Deeper than the hyoid bone and the digastric muscle, running horizontally
66
What is the stylohyoid?
Elevates hyoid bone
67
Where is the stylohyoid?
Attaching to the hyoid bone, running diagonal from jaw to meet it
68
What is the sternohyoid?
Depresses hyoid after elevation
69
Where is the sternohyoid?
Running down the neck, attached to the hyoid
70
What are the neck flexors?
Sternocleidomastoid and scalenes
71
What are the neck extensors?
Trapezius, splenius capitis, and semispinalis capitis
72
Muscles of normal breathing?
Diaphragm, external intercostal
73
What is the diaphragm?
Muscular dome between thoracic and abdominal cavities
74
Muscles of forced inhalation?
Sternocleidomastoid, scalenes of neck, pectoralis major, serratus anterior of chest, latissimus dorsi of back
75
Muscles of forced exhalation?
Internal and external obliques, transverse abdominus
76
What happens during inspiration?
Contraction flattens diaphragm, enlarges thoracic cavity
77
What do the external intercostals do?
Elevate ribs, move sternum anteriorly. Expands thoracic cavity. Air flows in
78
What do the internal intercostals do?
Depress and retract ribs. Compress thoracic cavity. Air flows out
79
3 layers of the anterior abdominal wall, from superficial to deep?
External abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, transverse abdominus
80
What does the external abdominal oblique do?
Support viscera, aid in breathing and contralateral rotation of waist
81
What does the internal abdominal oblique do?
Rotates waist, contains aponeuroses
82
What does the transverse abdominus do?
Compress abdominal contents
83
What does the rectus abdominis do?
Produces forward bending at waist
84
Where is the rectus abdominis?
From the sternum to pubic. Enclosed by a rectus sheath.
85
What divides the rectus abdominis?
3 transverse tendinous intersections. Makes 6-pack
86
What are some muscles of the back?
Latissimus dorsi, trapezius, erector spinae
87
What is the perineum?
The diamond-shaped region between the thighs
88
What is the perineum bordered by?
Pubic symphysis (anterior), coccyx (posterior), 2 ischial tuberosities (lateral)
89
What is the urogenital triangle?
The anterior half of the perineum
90
Muscles of the urogenital triangle
External urethral sphincter
91
What is the anal triangle?
Posterior half of perineum
92
Muscles of the anal triangle?
External anal sphincter
93
What are hernias?
When the viscera protrudes through a weak point in the muscular wall of the abdominopelvic cavity
94
What is an inguinal hernia?
Viscera enter inguinal canal or even the scrotum. Common in men, rare in women
95
What is a hiatal hernia?
Stomach protrudes through diaphragm into thorax. Affects overweight people over 40y/o
96
What is an umbilical hernia?
Viscera protrude through the navel
97
What happens during expiration?
Diaphragm relaxes, shrinks thoracic cavity
98
Limb muscle compartments are separated by what?
Interoserous membranes and intermuscular septa
99
What is intermuscular septa made up of?
Thick fascia
100
What is compartment syndrome?
One of the muscles or blood vessels in a muscle compartment is injured
101
How are upper limb compartments divided?
Anterior and posterior
102
How are lower limb compartments divided?
Anterior, posterior, medial, lateral
103
What happens during compartment syndrome?
Blood flow to compartment is obstructed. After 2-4 hours, nerves die. After 6, muscles die
104
What can and cannot recover from compartment syndrome?
Nerves can regenerate, but muscles stay dead forever
105
What is an indication of compartment syndrome?
Myoglobin in urine
106
What is the treatment for compartment syndrome?
Immobilization of limb, fasciotomy (incision to release pressure)
107
Where do muscles that act on the shoulder attach?
Axial skeleton as well as the clavicle or scapula
108
What movements can shoulder muscles make?
Rotation, elevation, depression, protraction, retraction
109
What are the anterior muscles of the pectoral girdle?
Pectoralis minor, serratus anterior
110
What does the pectoralis minor do?
Draws scapula laterally
111
Where is the pectoralis minor located?
From ribs 3-5 to the coracoid process of the scapula
112
What does the serratus anterior do?
Draws scapula laterally and forward. Prime mover for pulling and pushing
113
Where is the serratus anterior located?
All ribs to medial border of scapula
114
What muscles are in the posterior group of muscles of the pectoral girdle?
Trapezius, levator scapulae, and rhomboid major and minor
115
What does the trapezius do?
Stabilize scapula and shoulder, elevate and depress shoulder apex
116
What does the levator scapulae do?
Elevate scapula, flex neck laterally
117
What do the rhomboid major and minor do?
Retract scapula and brace shoulder
118
What arm-affecting muscles have axial attachments?
Pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi
119
What does the Pectoralis major do?
Flex, adduct, and medially rotate humerus. Aids in deep breathing
120
What does the latissimus dorsi do?
Adduct and medially rotate humerus
121
What arm muscles are attached on the scapula?
Deltoid, teres major
122
What does the deltoid do?
Rotate and adduct arm, intramuscular injection site
123
What does the teres major do?
Extension and medial rotation of humerus
124
What tendons form the rotator cuff?
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis (from superior to inferior)
125
What does the rotator cuff do?
Reinforce the shoulder joint, hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity
126
Go find where the supraspinatus tendon is
Done
127
Where is the infraspinatus tendon?
Posterior to glenoid cavity
128
Where is the teres minor?
Inferior and posterior to glenoid cavity
129
Where is the subscapularis tendon?
Inferior and anterior to glenoid cavity
130
What movements do muscles of the forearm make?
Flexion, extension, pronation, supination
131
What muscles have bellies in the arm that act on the forearm?
Brachialis, biceps brachii, triceps brachii
132
What does the brachialis do?
Primary elbow flexor, 50% more power than biceps brachii. Prime mover of elbow flexion
133
What does the biceps brachii do?
Elbow flexor
134
What does the triceps brachii do?
Primary mover of elbow extension
135
What muscles act on the forearm and have bellies in the forearm?
Brachioradialis, anconeus, pronator quadratus, pronator teres, supinator
136
Where is the deltoid muscle?
Shoulder
137
Where is the brachialis muscle?
Around the elbow, leading up to triceps brachii
138
Where is the biceps brachii?
In front of the triceps brachii, main muscle of upper arm
139
Where is the triceps brachii?
Behind biceps brachii, has 3 heads
140
What does the brachioradialis do?
Flex elbow
141
What does the anconeus do?
Extend elbow
142
What does the pronator quadratus do?
Prime mover in forearm pronation
143
What does the pronator teres do?
Assist pronator quadratus in pronation
144
What does the supinator do?
Supinates the forearm
145
Where is the brachioradialis?
Forearm, lateral side, kinda diamond shaped
146
Where is the anconeus?
At the elbow, attaches the humerus and ulna
147
Where is the pronator quadratus?
Around the wrist, squareish shaped between radius and ulna
148
Where is the pronator teres?
Starts at elbow, “feeds in” to the forearm, diagonally
149
Where is the supinator?
Attached to the radius, near the elbow, kind of a rounded triangle
150
What muscles act on the hand and are in the anterior/flexor compartment?
Flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitum, palmaris longus
151
What does the flexor carpi radialis do?
Flex wrist
152
What does the flexor carpi ulnaris do?
Flex wrist
153
What does the flexor digitorum do?
Flex fingers
154
What does the palmaris longus do?
Anchor skin and fascia of the palmar region
155
Where is the flexor carpi radialis?
From radial side of elbow, comes down the middle
156
Where is the flexor carpi ulnaris?
Really thin, on the lateral side of forearm, outermost
157
Where is the flexor digitorum?
Superficial, takes up a lot of the forearm. Wraps around radius and ulna
158
Where is the palmaris longus?
Starts at elbow, takes up forearm. Attaches to 3 middle fingers
159
What are the muscles act on the hand and are in the posterior compartment?
Extensor carpi radialis, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, extensor carpi ulnaris
160
What are the 2 extensor carpi radialis muscles?
Longus and brevis
161
What are the components of the carpal tunnel?
Flexor retinaculum, and the flexor bones
162
What goes under the flexor retinaculum?
Flexor tendons
163
What is carpal tunnel syndrome?
Inflamed, swollen, or fibrotic tissue in the carpal tunnel
164
How does carpal tunnel syndrome happen?
Prolonged, repetitive motions of the wrist. Puts pressure on median nerve of the wrist
165
What does carpal tunnel syndrome do?
Causes pain, tingling, and weakness in the palm and medial side of the hand. Can radiate up to arm and elbow
166
Treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome?
Anti-inflammatory drugs, immobilization of the wrist, sometimes surgery to remove part or all of the flexor retinaculum
167
Stop! Go find where the extensor carpi ulnaris is
Done
168
Stop! Go find where the extensor digiti minimi is
Done
169
Stop! Go locate where the pectoralis minor is
Done
170
Stop! Go find where the serratus anterior is
Done
171
Stop! Go find where the trapezius is
Done
172
Stop! Go find where the extensor digitorum is
Done
172
Stop! Go find where the extensor carpi radialis is
Done
172
Stop! Go find where the levator scapulae is
Done
172
Stop! Go find where the rhomboids (major and minor) are
Done
173
Where are the body's largest muscles found?
The lower limbs
174
What is the leg?
The part of the limb between knee and ankle
175
What is the foot?
Tarsal region (ankle), metatarsal region, toes
176
What are the anterior muscles of the hip?
Iliacus and psoas major
177
What does the iliacus do?
Flex thigh at hip
178
What does the psoas major do?
Flex thigh at hip
179
Where do the iliacus and psoas major share a tendon?
The femur
180
What are the lateral and posterior muscles of the hip?
Tensor fasciae latae, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius and minimus
181
What does the tensor fasciae latae do?
Extend knee and laterally rotate knee
182
Go locate the iliacus
Done
183
Go locate the psoas major
Done
184
Go locate the tensor fasciae latae
Done
185
Go locate the gluteus maximus
Done
186
What does the gluteus maximus do?
Form mass of the buttock, prime hip extensor, provide most of the lift when you climb stairs
187
What do the gluteus medius and minimus do?
Abduct and medially rotate thigh
188
Go find the gluteus medius and minimus
Done
189
Muscles of the medial (adductor) compartment of the thigh?
Adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, gracilis, pectineus
190
Find the adductor brevis
Done
191
Find the adductor longus
DOne
192
Find the adductor magnus
Done
193
Find the gracilis
Done
194
Find the pectineus
Done
195
Muscles of the anterior (extensor) compartment of the thigh?
Quadriceps femoris, sartorius
196
Find the quadriceps femoris
Done
197
Find the sartorius
Done
198
What does the quadriceps femoris do?
Prime mover of knee extension, most powerful muscle of body
199
Heads of the quadriceps femoris?
Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius
200
What does the sartorius do?
Longest muscle in the body
201
Muscles of the posterior (flexor) compartment of the thigh?
Hamstring muscles
202
Components of the hamstring muscles?
Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
203
Find the hamstring
Done
204
Muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?
Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, and fibularis longus/brevis
205
What muscles dorsiflex the ankle?
Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus
206
What muscles plantarflex the ankle?
Fibularis longus and brevis
207
Find the tibialis anterior
Done
208
Find the extensor digitorum longus
Done
209
Find the extensor hallucis longus
Done
210
Find the fibularis longus and brevis
Done
211
Muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?
Gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris
212
Find the gastrocnemius
Done
213
Find the soleus
Done
214
Find the plantaris
Done
215
What does the gastrocnemius do?
Plantar flexes foot, flexes knee
216
What does the soleus do?
Plantar flexes foot
217
What does the plantaris do?
Weak synergist of triceps surae
218
What is the triceps surae?
Collective name for gastrocnemius and soleus
219
Features of triceps surae
Attaches to calcaneus by the calcaneal tendon. Strongest tendon of the body. Allows plantar flex of foot
220
What are 6 common athletes injuries?
Compartment syndrome, shin splints, pulled hamstrings, tennis elbow, pulled groin, rotator cuff injury
221
What is RICE?
Rest, ice, compression, elevation. Treats athletic injuries
