Lab Practical 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the function of the integumentary system?
A
Protection, water retention, heat regulation, vitamin D synthesis
2
Q
What are the organs of the integumentary system?
A
Skin, hair, nails, and cutaneous glands
3
Q
What is the function of the skeletal system?
A
Support, movement, blood formation, mineral storage
4
Q
What are the organs of the skeletal system?
A
Bones, cartilage, and ligaments
5
Q
What is the function of the muscular system?
A
Movement, stability, communication, heat generation, controls body openings
6
Q
What are the organs of the muscular system?
A
Skeletal muscle
7
Q
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
A
Recover excess tissue fluid, detect pathogens, produce immune cells, fight against disease
8
Q
What are the organs of the lymphatic system?
A
Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils
9
Q
What is the function of the respiratory system?
A
Absorb oxygen, discharge carbon dioxide, acid-base balance, speech
9
Q
What are the organs of the respiratory system?
A
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
10
Q
What is the function of the urinary system?
A
Eliminate wastes, regulate blood volume and pressure, detoxify blood, control fluids, stimulate RBC formation
11
Q
What are the organs of the urinary system?
A
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
12
Q
What is the function of the nervous system?
A
Internal communication, coordination, motor control, and sensation
13
Q
What are the organs of the nervous system?
A
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia
14
Q
What is the function of the endocrine system?
A
Hormone production, internal chemical coordination and communication
15
Q
What are the organs of the endocrine system?
A
Pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries
16
Q
What is the function of the circulatory/pulmonary system?
A
Distribute nutrients, oxygen, hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells, and antibodies
17
Q
What are the organs of the circulatory/pulmonary system?
A
Heart, blood vessels
18
Q
What is the function of the digestive system?
A
Nutrient breakdown and absorption, metabolize carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals
19
Q
What are the organs of the digestive system?
A
Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
20
Q
What are the organs of the female reproductive system?
A
Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands
21
Q
What is the function of the female reproductive system?
A
Produce eggs, fertilize and develop fetuses, nourish fetus, birth, lactate, secrete sex hormones
22
Q
What are the organs of the male reproductive system?
A
Testes, epididymides, spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands, and penis
23
Q
What are the functions of the male reproductive system?
A
Produce and deliver sperm, secrete sex hormones
24
What is anatomical position?
Standing upright with the feet flat on the floor, arms at the sides, and the palms and face directed forward.
25
What does ventral/anterior mean?
Towards the front
26
What does dorsal/posterior mean?
Towards the back
27
What does cephalic mean?
Towards the head/superior end
28
What does rostral mean?
Towards the forehead or nose
29
What does caudal mean?
Towards the tail or caudal end
30
What does superior mean?
Above
31
What does inferior mean?
Below
32
What does medial mean?
Towards the median plane
33
What does lateral mean?
Away from the median plane
34
What does proximal mean?
Closer to the point of attachment/origin
35
What does distal mean?
Farther from the point of attachment/origin
36
What does ipsilateral mean?
On the same side of the body (left or right)
37
What does contralateral mean?
On opposite sides of the body (left or right)
38
What does superficial mean?
Closer to the body surface
39
What does deep mean?
Farther from the body surface
40
What is a coronal/frontal plane?
Front and back
41
What is a transverse plane?
Top and bottom
42
What is a sagittal plane?
Left and right
43
What are the 4 main body cavities?
Cranial, vertebral, thoracic, and abdominopelvic
44
What are the divisions of the thoracic cavity?
Pleural cavities (2) and pericardial
45
What are the divisions of the abdominopelvic cavity?
Abdominal and pelvic
46
Viscera of the cranial cavity?
Brain
47
Viscera of the vertebral cavity?
Spinal cord
48
Viscera of the pleural cavities?
Lungs
49
Viscera of the pericardial cavity?
Heart
50
Viscera of the abdominal cavity?
Digestive organs, spleen, kidneys
51
Viscera of the pelvic cavity?
Bladder, rectum, reproductive organs
52
Membranous lining of the cranial cavity?
Meninges
53
Membranous lining of the vertebral cavity?
Meninges
54
Membranous lining of the pleural cavities?
Pleurae
55
Membranous lining of the pericardial cavity?
Pericardium
56
Membranous lining of the abdominal cavity?
Peritoneum
57
Membranous lining of the pelvic cavity?
Peritoneum
58
Scientific name for the head region?
Cephalic
59
Scientific name for the face region?
Facial
60
Scientific name for the neck region?
Cervical
61
Scientific name for the chest region?
Thoracic
62
Scientific name for the middle of chest region?
Sternal
63
Scientific name for the pectoral region?
Pectoral
64
Scientific name for the bellybutton region?
Umbilical
65
Scientific name for the stomach region?
Abdominal
66
Scientific name for the groin region?
Inguinal
67
Scientific name for the pubic region?
Mons pubis
68
Scientific name for the thigh region?
Femoral
69
Scientific name for the calf region?
Crural
70
Scientific name for the ankle region?
Tarsal
71
Scientific name for the foot region?
Pedal/dorsum
72
Scientific name for the foot sole region?
Plantar surface
73
Scientific name for the shoulder region?
Acromial
74
Scientific name for the armpit region?
Axillary
75
Scientific name for the upper arm region?
Brachial
76
Scientific name for the elbow region?
Cubital
77
Scientific name for the forearm region?
Antebrachial
78
Scientific name for the wrist region?
Carpal
79
Scientific name for the hand palm region?
Palmar
80
Scientific name for the hip region?
Coxal
81
Scientific name for the knee region?
Patellar
82
Scientific name for the back of neck region?
Nuchal
83
Scientific name for the region between shoulder blades?
Interscapular
84
Scientific name for the shoulderblade region?
Scapular
85
Scientific name for the vertebral region?
Vertebral
86
Scientific name for the back region?
Lumbar
87
Scientific name for the small of back region?
Sacral
88
Scientific name for the butt region?
Gluteal
89
Scientific name for the back of hand?
Dorsum of hand
90
Scientific name for the buttcrack region?
Perineal
91
Scientific name for the back of knee region?
Popliteal
92
Scientific name for the foot heel region?
Calcaneal
93
What are the 4 body quadrants?
Right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left upper quadrant, left lower quadrant (directions according to being the person)
94
Organs in the right upper quadrant include...
Liver, gallbladder, duodenum, and part of the pancreas and colon
95
Organs in the right lower quadrant include...
Appendix, right ovary, right fallopian tube, and part of the colon
96
Organs in the left upper quadrant include...
Stomach, spleen, adrenal gland, parts of the liver, pancreas, kidney, and colon
97
Organs in the left lower quadrant include...
Left ovary, left fallopian tube, sigmoid colon, part of the colon
98
What are the top 3 abdominal regions?
Right hypochondriac, epigastric region, left hypochondriac
99
What are the middle 3 abdominal regions?
Right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar
100
What are the bottom 3 abdominal regions?
Right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac
101
Organs of the right hypochondriac region?
Liver, gallbladder, right kidney, some small intestine
102
Organs of the left hypochondriac region?
Spleen, some colon, left kidney, some pancreas
103
Organs of the epigastric region?
Stomach, liver, pancreas, duodenum, spleen, adrenal glands
104
Organs of the right lumbar region?
Gallbladder, liver, right colon
105
Organs of the left lumbar region?
Descending colon, left kidney
106
Organs of the umbilical region?
Umbilicus, jejunum, ileum, duodenum
107
Organs of the right iliac region?
Appendix, cecum
108
Organs of the left iliac region?
Descending colon, sigmoid colon
109
Organs of the hypogastric region?
Urinary bladder, sigmoid colon, female reproductive organs
110
What is the ocular lens?
Part you look at that magnifies x10
111
What is the body tube?
The tube the eyepiece is connected to to hold it in place
112
What is the revolving nosepiece?
What you twist to get different magnification lenses
113
What is the objective lens?
The magnification lens. Captures and refracts light to magnify object
114
What is the arm of a microscope?
You pick up the microscope by it
115
What is the mechanical stage?
Holds the slide and moves it around
116
What is the coarse-focus knob?
Large knob that gets focused roughly
117
What is the fine-focus knob?
A smaller knob that focuses more precisely
118
What is the condenser?
Located right beneath the stage, it focuses light onto the specimen
119
What is the iris diaphragm lever?
Under the condenser, it regulates the amount of the light going through the condenser
120
What is the light source on a microscope?
Illuminates the subject
121
What is the base of a microscope?
The bottom, holds things in place and you can use it to move the microscope
122
What is the stage clip?
Holds the slide in place
123
What are the x and y-axis control knobs?
They move the stage upon either axis
124
What are the powers of the objective lenses?
4x, 10x, 40x, 100x
125
How much does the eyepiece alone magnify?
10x
126
What is field of view?
Maximum area visible
127
What is depth of field?
The depth of the object space that is simultaneously in acceptable focus
128
How do you calculate total magnification?
The eyepiece (always 10x) times the objective lens power
129
What is a microvillus and what does it do?
Little protrusions on the membrane that increase membrane surface area so things can be absorbed better
130
What are microfilaments and what do they do?
Inside microvilli. Form terminal web
131
What are secretory vesicles and what do they do?
Round thing that approaches cell membrane to form a fusion pore and secrete (exocytosis) whatever it was carrying
132
What are Golgi complexes and what do they do?
System of tunnels that synthesize carbs and put finishing touches on protein synthesis. Packages proteins into Golgi vesicles for delivery
133
What are intermediate filaments and what do they do?
Fibers found throughout the cytoplasm that give the cell shape and resist stress
134
What are lysosomes and what do they do?
Lysosomes are usually-round packages of enzymes that break down materials that's old or no longer needed
135
What are microtubules and what do they do?
Fibers radiating from the centrosome which maintain cell shape, act as railroad tracks, make axonemes for cilia and flagella, and form mitotic spindle
136
What is the rough ER and what does it do?
System of channels enclosed by a membrane, studded w/ ribosomes. Produces phospholipids and proteins for plasma membrane and synthesizes proteins
137
What is the smooth ER and what does it do?
System of channels enclosed by a membrane, NO ribosomes. Synthesizes steroids and other lipids, stores calcium, detoxifies drugs
138
What is the plasma membrane and what does it do?
Border of the cell. Holds everything in and controls what gets in and out
139
What is the intracellular space and what does it do?
The space inside the plasma membrane. It has to stay balanced for the cell to be healthy
140
What is the centrosome and what does it do?
A small clear area near the nucleus containing a pair of centrioles. It duplicates and moves to opposite ends of the cell for division
141
What are centrioles and what do they do?
Short cylindrical bodies made of 9 triplets of microtubules. They form basal bodies of cilia and flagella and form mitotic spindle during cell division
142
What are ribosomes and what do they do?
Small granules of protein and RNA found throughout the cell and on rough ER that read genetic messages and assemble amino acids into specified proteins
143
What is the nucleus and what does it do?
Large organelle surrounded by a porous membrane which directs protein synthesis and shelters DNA
144
What is the nucleolus and what does it do?
Large structure inside nucleus which synthesizes ribosomes
145
What is the nuclear envelope and what does it do?
Double membrane around nucleus that protects it and has pores to regulate molecular traffic
146
What are mitochondria and what do they do?
Oval shaped organelles with cristae matrix specialized for synthesizing ATP
147
What are 7 components of the plasma membrane?
Glycolipids, glycoproteins, channel proteins, cholesterol, phospholipid bilayer, ICF and ECF
148
How do glycolipids look?
Chains attached to lipids of the bilayer that are on the outside of the membrane
149
How do glycoproteins look?
Chains attached to proteins on the membrane
150
How does cholesterol look?
Chains inside the phospholipid bilayer among the tails
151
How does the phospholipid bilayer look?
Molecules arranged in layers so hydrophilic heads are on outside and hydrophobic tails are inside
152
How does ICF look?
Fluid inside cell membrane
153
How does ECF look?
Fluid outside of cell membrane
154
What are the phases of interphase?
G1, S, and G2
155
What happens during interphase?
Cells grow, replicate their chromosomes, and prepare for cell division
156
What happens during mitosis?
The cell replicates its nucleus and forms 2 daughter cells
157
What happens during cytokinesis?
The cytoplasm is divided into the 2 cells
158
How do kinetochores look?
Little bumps on the side of chromosome, near centrosome
159
How do centrosomes look?
Center of chromosome
160
How do sister chromatids look?
Legs of chromosome
161
Way to remember steps of mitosis?
PPMAT C
162
How does prophase look?
The cell is fairly normal, the nucleus is intact with chromosomes inside
163
How does prometaphase look?
Spindle poles develop and the nuclear envelope dissipates, leaving chromosomes scattered around
164
How does metaphase look?
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. Poles are still present
165
How does anaphase look?
Chromatids start being separated from each other
166
How does telophase look?
The chromatids are entirely separate and very close to the poles, which are also far away from each other
167
How does cytokinesis look?
The nuclear envelope is reformed, with chromosomes inside, and the cell begins to separate into 2 different cells
168
What happens during mitosis?
Cells divide their duplicated DNA (from interphase) and cytoplasm to form 2 new cells
169
Role of plasma membrane and its' embedded proteins?
The membrane provides protection and holds everything inside, stopping unwanted things from getting in. The embedded proteins are there to selectively transport molecules and recognize other cells around it.
170
Lactose enzyme lab summary
Lactose is the sugar found in milk, composed of glucose and galactose. Lactase is the enzyme that is specific to lactose, and breaks lactose down into glucose and galactose. People who are lactose intolerant lack the lactase enzyme and their bodies cannot break down the sugar into its monosaccharides. What we found in the experiment was that lactase cannot break down any other sugars than lactose, and the lactase must be intact and not denatured in order to work. When the milk (containing lactose) and lactase (still intact) meet, the lactose will break down into glucose and galactose.
