Chapter 15 - Growth and Development

Question 1

what are 3 important influences that affect individual growth and development?

Answer 1

1) early exposure to physical activities
2) critical periods
3) readiness

Question 2

early development of what 5 things is essential for growth and development?

Answer 2

balance, coordination, strength, flexibility and endurance

Question 3

critical periods

Answer 3

times of particular sensitivity to environmental stimuli

Question 4

what affects the potential for optimal development?

Answer 4

the presence or absence of appropriate stimuli at this critical period

Question 5

true or false: optimal development is quite early in development

Answer 5

true

Question 6

readiness

Answer 6

implies that the individual is prepared or ready, to acquire a particular behaviour or skill

Question 7

performance requires what 4 needs?

Answer 7

1) desire to perform
2) information
3) ability
4) acquisition of physical characteristics

Question 8

what are the 3 stages of growth and development?

Answer 8

1) infancy
2) childhood
3) adolescence

Question 9

what age category is infancy in?

Answer 9

birth to 1 year

Question 10

true or false: growth is a slow process in infancy

Answer 10

FALSE: infancy is a period of rapid growth

Question 11

are males or females usually heavier and taller at birth?

Answer 11

males

Question 12

what age category is childhood?

Answer 12

1 year to 13 years

Question 13

what are the 3 divisions of childhood and what ages are each?

Answer 13

1) early childhood (1-6)
2) mid-childhood (6-10)
3) late-childhood (10-13)

Question 14

list 5 features of early childhood

Answer 14

1) gradual loss of “baby fat”
2) girls lose less fat than boys
3) rapid growth but not as rapid as infancy
4) quite flexible
5) muscle development while at play

Question 15

list 2 features of mid-childhood

Answer 15

1) slower, more constant growth

2) improved coordination and motor functioning

Question 16

list 6 features of late childhood

Answer 16

1) increased rate of growth
2) fat deposition just prior to adolescent growth spurt
3) individual differences in maturation
4) development of the reproductive system
5) appearance of secondary sex characteristics
6) redistribution of body weight

Question 17

when does fat deposition just prior to adolescent growth spurt occur in girls? boys?

Answer 17

girls = 9-10
boys = 11-12

Question 18

true or false: during late childhood boys muscle tissue increases and their body fat decreases while girls body fat slightly increases

Answer 18

true

Question 19

what may account for females ability to achieve world class status across many sports?

Answer 19

earlier onset of maturation in females

Question 20

who is tara lipinski?

Answer 20

the youngest US ladies’ figure skating champion (14 when she won)

Question 21

what age category is adolescence?

Answer 21

14-20

Question 22

what are 4 features of adolescence?

Answer 22

1) following puberty
2) ends with onset of adulthood
3) obvious differences in physical growth cease with the end of the adolescence time period
4) the variability of body types (somatotypes) become more evident

Question 23

what are the 3 somatotypes?

Answer 23

1) ectomorph
2) mesomorph
3) endomorph

Question 24

true or false: everyone is one specific somatotype

Answer 24

FALSE: usually individuals are a combination of these types

Question 25

when do external social pressures for the "ideal" body type tend to occur?

Answer 25

during adolescence

Question 26

adolescence is combined with what 3 type of changes that occur during the period?

Answer 26

physical, hormonal and psychological

Question 27

true or false: the adolescent growth spurt occurs approx. 2 years earlier in girls than in boys

Answer 27

true

Question 28

true or false: there is a significant difference between female and male physique prior to puberty

Answer 28

FALSE: prior to puberty, there is not a significant difference between female and male physique

Question 29

true or false: within each of the life stages, there is individuality and variability in growth and development among people

Answer 29

true

Question 30

what are 4 factors affecting growth and development?

Answer 30

1) heredity 2) nutrition 3) socioeconomic status 4) exercise

Question 31

heredity

Answer 31

genetic information that is passed on from generation to generation

Question 32

what are genes also affected by?

Answer 32

environmental factors

Question 33

what could malnutrition prevent?

Answer 33

could prevent an individual from growing to their maximum potential height

Question 34

true or false: adequate nutrients are essential for growth and development

Answer 34

true

Question 35

______ and _______ are primarily used for energy

Answer 35

carbohydrates and fats

Question 36

_______ contribute to growth and repair of body tissues, including muscle

Answer 36

proteins

Question 37

______, ________, and _______ are also essential for various functions and reactions that occur in the body

Answer 37

vitamins, minerals and water

Question 38

_______ can delay growth

Answer 38

malnutrition/undernourishment

Question 39

true or false: undernourishment only exists in countries with little food supplies

Answer 39

FALSE: undernourishment exists even in countries with abundant food supplies

Question 40

what 2 things is body size related to?

Answer 40

1) socioeconomic status | 2) nutrition

Question 41

what 4 things does socio-economic status affect?

Answer 41

1) income 2) education 3) time 4) availability

Question 42

what are 3 factors other than socio-economic status that may contribute to the differences observed in growth and development among individuals?

Answer 42

1) lower levels of stress 2) better sleeping patterns 3) regular exercise

Question 43

what are 3 positives of exercise and bone development?

Answer 43

1) regular exercise tends to increase the diameter and density of bone 2) increased strength and durability 3) increased length of non-weight bearing bones such as the arms

Question 44

what are 2 negatives of exercise and bone development?

Answer 44

1) overuse injuries can be incurred by young children who over-train 2) too much strain on a bone during a period of growth can lead to osteochondrosis

Question 45

osterochondrosis

Answer 45

the derangement of the normal process of bone growth

Question 46

active children and teenagers show what 3 things?

Answer 46

1) an increase in lean body mass 2) a decrease in percent body fat 3) muscle hypertrophy with exercise

Question 47

what can pressure by parents and coaches do?

Answer 47

hinder the development of an active lifestyle and cause stress

Question 48

perceptual motor development

Answer 48

the use of movement activities to enhance academic or intellectual performance

Question 49

who developed the perceptual motor development theory?

Answer 49

Kephart - over 30 years ago

Question 50

what did kephart believe?

Answer 50

that learning deficiencies resulted from the inability to properly integrate present stimuli with the stored information concerning past stimuli

Question 51

what does kepharts theory suggest?

Answer 51

suggests that participation in basic forms of movement may improve reading and writing skills

Question 52

stature

Answer 52

refers to a persons standing height

Question 53

body length is measured in infants while the child is ____

Answer 53

supine

Question 54

true or false: there is little difference in average length between males and females at birth

Answer 54

true boys = 50.5 cm girls = 49.9 cm

Question 55

by then end of the first year how long are boys? girls?

Answer 55

``` boys = 75 cm girls = 74.1 cm ```

Question 56

true or false: after 2 years, stature increases more slowly, until adolescence

Answer 56

true

Question 57

how much do girls grow per year on average? boys?

Answer 57

``` girls = 8cm/year avg boys = 10 cm/year avg ```

Question 58

when is peak height achieved in boys? girls?

Answer 58

``` boys = 18 girls = 16.5 ```

Question 59

usually there is no change in stature after age ___

Answer 59

30

Question 60

why does height sometimes begin to decrease after age 45?

Answer 60

due to a degeneration of inter vertebral disks

Question 61

true or false: from birth until adolescence, boys are much heavier than girls

Answer 61

FALSE: little difference in body weigh exists between boys and girls from birth until adolescence