Nerve Cells - Dendrites: Fibers that sense and bring impulses toward cell body - Cell Body: Main processing center of cell - Axon: Single branch which conducts nerve impulses away from cell body

- Brainstem - Cerebellum - Cerebrum - Diencephalon

85% mass of the brain, 2 hemispheres, contains grey and white matter - Consciousness, language, motor control, logic Frontal, Parietal, Occipital and Temporal Lobes Corpus Callosum connects the two hemispheres

Deep portion of the brain - Thalamus, Hypothalamus - Relay center, integration of brain functions, sensation integration - Integration of blood pressure, temp control and behavioral function

(CSF) Fills space between brain and cranium - Delivers nutrients and cushions brain - Made in ventricles

Extends from Medulla to L2 within vertebral column and submits nerves of PNS Regions: - Cervical: Neck - Brachial: Lower neck and axilla - Lumbar: Legs and pelvis - Sacral: Pelvis

3 layers of connective tissue that covers Brain and Spinal Column (SC) - Dura Mater (outer, nearest cranium) - Arachnoid Mater (contains CSF) - Pia Mater (closest to Brain/SC)

Chapter 8 (7) - Neuro Video Notes Flashcards by Matthew Scheie

PNS

Peripheral Nervous System; nerves that leave the spinal cord and intervate the body.

12 Cranial nerves intervate head

31 Spinal nerves intervate body

Somatic = voluntary
Autonomic = involuntary

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CNS

Central Nervous System, contains brain and spinal cord

Responsible for: Controlling, receiving, and interpreting all stimuli

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Neurons

Nerve Cells

Dendrites: Fibers that sense and bring impulses toward cell body
Cell Body: Main processing center of cell
Axon: Single branch which conducts nerve impulses away from cell body

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Myelin Sheath & Neurilemma

Are coverings for the neurons

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Synapse

Space between Axon of one neuron and dendrite of another or Axon of one neuron and muscle fiber

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Neurotransmitter

Chemical release from first neurons Axon into space (synapse) that then excites second neuron

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All neurons 2 basic properties

Excitability

- Conductivity

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Neuroglia Cells

Astrocytes - Starshaped cells that maintain the nutrient and chemical levels in neuron

Oligodendroglia - Produce myelin and help in supporting the neurons within CNS

Microglia - Phagocytes, they remove debris

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Efferent Neurons

(Motor) Convey information from CNS to muscles and glands

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Afferent Neurons

(Sensory) Carry information from sensory receptors to the CNS

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Interneurons

Carry and process sensory information

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Schwann Cells

Produce Myelin in PNS

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4 Divisions of CNS

Brainstem
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Diencephalon

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Brainstem

Connects the higher brain to Spinal Cord
- Lower brain functions: Automatic NS
- Midbrain, Pons, Medulla
Midbrain - Involves visual reflexes
Pons - Controls certain respiratory function
Medulla Oblongata - Regulate heart and lung functioning, swallowing, coughing, vomiting, sneezing

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Cerebellum

Coordinates muskulotskeletal movement to maintain coordination, balance and posture

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Cerebrum

85% mass of the brain, 2 hemispheres, contains grey and white matter

Consciousness, language, motor control, logic

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital and Temporal Lobes

Corpus Callosum connects the two hemispheres

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Diencephalon

Deep portion of the brain

Thalamus, Hypothalamus
Relay center, integration of brain functions, sensation integration
Integration of blood pressure, temp control and behavioral function

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Brain

Controls bodily function and interaction with outside world

Weighs about 3lbs, 75% water, with over 100B neurons

Divisions are: Brainstem, Cerebellum, Diencephalon, Cerebrum

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Cerebrospinal Fluid

(CSF) Fills space between brain and cranium

Delivers nutrients and cushions brain
Made in ventricles

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Spinal Cord

Extends from Medulla to L2 within vertebral column and submits nerves of PNS

Regions:

Cervical: Neck
Brachial: Lower neck and axilla
Lumbar: Legs and pelvis
Sacral: Pelvis

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Meninges

3 layers of connective tissue that covers Brain and Spinal Column (SC)

Dura Mater (outer, nearest cranium)
Arachnoid Mater (contains CSF)
Pia Mater (closest to Brain/SC)

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Cranial Nerves (12 pairs)

I Olfactory - Sense of smell

II Optic - Sense of vision

V Trigeminal - Motor and sensory for facial muscles

VII Facial - Taste, facial expression, salvary glands, tears

X Vagus - Speech, swallowing, heart, smooth muscle, many glands

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Somatic Nervous System

Responsible for receiving and processing sensory input from skin, muscles, tendons, joints, eyes, tongue, nose and ears as well as excite the voluntary contraction of skeletal muscles

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Automatic Nervous System

Carries impulses from the CNS to glands, various smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and various membranes

Stimulates organs, glands and senses

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Sympathetic Division of ANS

Operates when body is under stress to activate responses necessary to react to dangerous situations

Parasympathetic Division of ANS

Operates to keep the body in homeostasis or balance under normal conditions

Cerebell(o)

Cerebellum

Cerebr(o)

Cerebrum

Crani(o)

Cranium

Encephal(o)

Brain

Gangli(o)

Ganglion

Gli(o)

Neuroglia

Mening(o)

Meninges

Myel(o)

Bone marrow Spinal Cord

Neur(o)

Nerve

Spin(o)

Spine

Thalam(o)

Thalamus

Vag(o)

Vagus Nerve

Ventricul(o)

Ventricle

Ach

Acetylcholine

ALS

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's) Degenerative disease of motor neurons lending to loss of muscle control and death

BBB

Blood Brain Barrier

CNS

Central Nervous System

Cerebral Palsy

CSF

Cerebral Spinal Fluid

CAT scan

Computerized (axial) Tomography

CVA

Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)

CVD

Cerebrovascular Disease

PNS

Peripheral Nervous System

Absence Seizure

Mild epileptic seizure consists of brief disorientation

Agnosia

Inability to receive and understand simple stimuli

Aphasia

Loss of speech

Apraxia

Inability to use familiar objects

Aura

Symptoms which precede seizure

Cerebellitis

Inflammation of cerebellum

Dopamine

Brain chemical (neurotransmitter), lack of which causes Parkinson's

Dysphasia

Difficult speech

Gait

Manner of walking

Grandmal Seizure

Tonic-clonic seizure

Myelitis

Spinal Chord inflammation

Neuritis

Inflammation of nerve

Palsy

Paralysis (partial or complete)

Parasthesia

Abnormal sensation (tingling)

Radiculitis

Inflammation of spinal nerve roots

Sciatica

Inflammation of Sciatic Nerve

Somnolence

Depressed mental state noted by extreme sleepiness

Syncope

"Fainting", sudden loss of consciousness

Tics

Twitching movements; repetitive motions

Tonic-clonic

Seizure; convulsions with spasmodic jerking of limbs and LOC

TIA

"Mini-stoke", short neurological event with recovery (no permanent neurological damage)

Gliomas

Tumors that arise from Neuroglia

Meningiomas

Tumors that arise from the meninges

Ganglion

Any group of nerve cells bunched together to form a cyst

Lobectomy

Removal of a portion of the brain

Craniectomy

Removal of part of the skull

Neuroplasty

Surgical repair of a nerve

Neurectomy

Surgical removal of a nerve

Analgesics

Relieve Pain

Anesthetics

Numb body locally or generally

Narcotics

Relieve pain by inducing a stuporous or euphoric state

Anticonvulsants

Treat epilepsy

Sedatives & Hypnotics

Relax the nerves and sometimes induce sleep