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Medical Terminology > Chpt 15 (12) - Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chpt 15 (12) - Endocrine System Flashcards

0
Q

Hormone - Target Receptor Relationship

A
  • Hormone; secreted into bloodstream (no ducts)
  • Binds to target receptor on target gland/organ
    - Specific
    - Key in lock theory
    - 3D molecular interaction
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1
Q

Endocrine System

A

Glands which through secretion of hormones control and regulate physiology

  • Maintenance of homeostasis
  • Hormones (secreted by endocrine glands); bind to target receptors on target organs&raquo_space; response (effect)
  • Target organ: contains target receptors for hormones (specific) lock-key
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2
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Controls output of pituitary gland

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3
Q

Pituitary

A

Controls output of most all other Endocrine Organs

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4
Q

Thyroid

A

Metabolism

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5
Q

Parathyroid

A

Blood calcium and phosphate levels

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6
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Stress reaction (fight/flight)

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7
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

Electrolyte levels, immune function, homeostasis, long-term blood glucose control

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8
Q

Pancreas

A

Short-term blood glucose control

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9
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Sleep cycle

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10
Q

Ovaries

A

Female sex steroids (estrogen and progesterone)

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11
Q

Testes

A

Male Sex Steroids (testosterone)

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12
Q

Thymus

A

Immune (T&B) cell production

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13
Q

“Hormones” vs Local Tissue Hormones

A
  • Traditional Endocrine System
  • Secreted into blood stream
  • Long range effects @ target organ
  • Systemic effects (body wide)
  • “Federal Government”
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14
Q

Hormones vs “Local Tissue Hormones”

A
  • Secreted from local tissue
  • Effect surrounding cells (neighbor cells)
  • Short range effect on local tissue only
  • Minor, local control
  • Regional/segmented effects
  • “State/Municipal Government”
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15
Q

Prostaglandin

A

Local tissue hormone example

  • Local communication
    - Cervix (start labor)
    - Lung (inflammatory asthma)
    - Inflammatory Response
    - Pain Signaling
  • Sub-types: PG-A, PG-E, PG-F
    - Influence depends on type
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16
Q

Hypothalamus / Pituitary (HPO) Axis

A

Hypothalamus - brain structure involved with monitoring homeostasis

      - Secretes "releasing factors"; stimulate pituitary 
      - Produces ADH and Oxycotin - released from posterior pituitary
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17
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

Releasing factors:

  • ACTH - Adrenal Corticotropin Hormone
  • TSH - Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
  • FSH - Follicle Stimulating Hormone
  • LH - Leutenizing Hormone
  • GH - Growth Hormone
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18
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

Releasing Factors:

  • ADH - Antidiuretic Hormone
  • Oxytocin
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19
Q

Pituitary

A
  • Control of most endocrine organs
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20
Q

Sella Turcica

A
  • Bone structure pituitary sets in
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21
Q

Thyroid

A

Sets below larynx (Inferior)

  • 2 lobes (Isthmus in middle)
  • Thyroid Hormones:
    - Thyroxin (T4) - most abundant
    - Triiodothyroninc (T3) - most potent
    - Calcitonin - Calcium into bone; builds bone
  • Controls metabolic rate
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22
Q

Thyroid Hormones (T3 & T4)

A

Effect most all cells in body

  • Balance energy production and consumption (ATP)
  • Metabolism = sum total of all chemical rxns in body
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23
Q

Parathyroid - Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A
  • Secretes by 4 glands at back of back of thyroid
  • PTH increases the blood calcium level
  • Controls the balance of Ca++ between serum and bone
    - Big effect on nerve and muscle functions
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24
Thymus
Secretes Thymosin - Located in Mediastinum, between lungs - Results in lymphocyte (T-cell) production in lymph nodes - Increases cell mediated immunity
25
Adrenal Glands
Supra-renal (sit atop kidneys) Cortex - Secrete glucocorticoid (corticosteroids) such as cortisone - Metabolic Control, Blood Sugar, Aldosterone Medulla - Secrete epinephrine - fight or flight
26
Pancreas
Exocrine Function - Digestive Enzymes (Lipase, Trypsin) Endocrine Function - Islet cells - Insulin - decreases blood sugar (glucose) - Glucagon - raises blood glucose - Insulin released proportionally to document of blood sugar - Glucagon released as blood sugar lowers to raise blood sugar - Breaks down large molecules to smaller for sugar
27
Ovaries
Paired female gonads - Egg (gamete) production - Female hormone production/secretion - Estrogen / Progesterone - Hormone cycle, Menses, Pregnancy maintenance
28
Testicles
Sperm production in seminiferous tubules - Testosterone production - Androgens (testosterone) - Musulinizing - Secondary sexual characteristics - Muscle and Bone growth - Libido / aggression Testosterone is a powerful builder of muscle & bone (men & women)
29
Aden (o)
Gland
30
Adren (o)
Adrenal Gland
31
Gluc (o)
Glucose
32
Glyc (o)
Sugar (glycose)
33
Gonad (o)
Sex glands (ovaries or testes)
34
Pancreat (o)
Pancreas
35
Thyr (o)
Thyroid gland
36
ACTH
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
37
ADH
Antidiuretic Hormone
38
CRH
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone
39
DM
Diabetes Mellitus
40
OT
Oxytocin
41
FSH
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
42
GH
Growth Hormone
43
GTT
Glucose Tolerance Test
44
HCG
Human Chorionic Gomadotropic
45
Only Endocrine Glands examined by palpation?
Thyroid and Testes
46
Blood Hormone Levels
Cortisol, T3 or T4, GH ...
47
Oral GTT
Orally ingest sugar; measure insulin after about an hour
48
Hemoglobin A1C
Blood glucose over 30-40days
49
Post Prandial Blood Sugar
Blood glucose after eating
50
Fasting Blood Glucose
Blood glucose after not having eaten
51
Thyroid Function Test (TFT)
THS, T3, T4 levels
52
Thyroid Scan
Imaging test for thyroid
53
Endocrine & Nervous Systems
Nervous - immediate short lived response Endocrine - Slightly slower onset and longer duration
54
Hypersecretion
Abnormally high amounts of a hormone secreted with secondary effects Hypercortisolism - High amounts of cortisol Hyperthyroidism - High levels of T3 & T4 Hypothyroidism - Low levels of T3 & T4 Hypoparathyroidism - Low PTH
55
Excessive GH Secretion
Acromegaly - After growth plates close (21yrs) - Abnormal growth of bones in face, feet, hands - Metabolic derangements Gigantism - Before age 21 - Excessive height; overgrowth of all body tissues - Sexual and mental effects
56
GH Hyposecretion
Hypopituitarism = dwarfism
57
Diabetes Insipidus
Hyposecretion of ADH - Results in frequent urination - Hypotension and dehydration can occur
58
Diabetes Mellitus
Under-secretion of insulin; High Blood Glucose SIADH - Excessive ADH secretion - Water retention: High Blood Pressure Goiter - Enlarged thyroid gland due to thyroid dysfunction - Can be from hyper or hypothyroidism (secretion) - Hashimotos Thyroiditis: Autoimmune destruction of thyroid
59
Hyperthyroidism
Excessive T3/T4 - Tachycardia; Anxiety; Restlessness Thyroid Storm - Severe Hyperthyroidism Grave's Disease - Autoimmune; antibodies mimic TSH - Increased release of T3/T4; Hyperthyroidism
60
Myxedema
Severe hypothyroidism | - Swelling in legs/hands; slowed response, dry skin, fatigue, weight gain, cognitive slowness
61
Hypoparathyroidism
Deficient PTH (hypocalcemia)
62
Cushing's Disease
Hyper-secretion of cortisol (hyper-adrenalism) From: ACTH Hyper-secretion from pituitary; Adrenal cortex tumor secreting high amounts of cortisol
63
Addison's Disease
Hypo-secretion of cortisol From: ACTH Hypo-secretion (pituitary); or destruction of adrenal cortex
64
Diabetes Mellitus IDDM: Type 1
Onset before 30yrs - Low or no production of insulin - Hypoinsulinism > Hyperglycemia - Glucose cannot get into cells (due to low insulin) - High levels of glucose in blood (>120) - Body burns fat and protein instead - Glucosuria (glucose in urine) Rx: Insulin injection
65
Diabetes Mellitus NIDDM: Type II
Adult onset (30-65yrs) - Insulin levels maybe normal - Cells become resistant to insulin - Glucose cannot get into cells; hyperglycemia results - Obesity is risk factor
66
GDM: Gestational DM
- Occurs 2nd or 3rd trimester of pregnancy | - Disappears after delivery; 20% may develop type 2 later in life
67
DM Complications
- Long standing DM results in several secondary complications, due to vascular damage in small blood vessels - Diabetes Nephropathy: Renal disease and progressive kidney failure from "glomerulosclerosis" - Diabetes Neuropathy: Loss of nerve function in extremities - Retinopathy: Damage to retina of eye scarring and exudates in retina; blindness results
68
Adenectomy
Removal of a gland
69
Adrenalectomy
Removal of adrenal gland
70
Hypophysectomy
Removal of pituitary gland (usually due to cancer)
71
Pancreatectomy
Excision of removal of pancreas
72
Thymectomy
Excision of thymus gland
73
Corticosteroids
Treat inflammatory diseases/symptoms
74
Anti-hyperglycemic
Lowers blood sugar or increases sensitivity to insulin
75
Hormone Replacement Therapy
- Treatment with Estrogen and Progesterone | - To treat climacteric symptoms of menopause, Osteopenia

Medical Terminology (20 decks)

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