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Microbiology > Clostridium-Bacillus > Flashcards

Clostridium-Bacillus Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Clostridium is what gram stain and shape?

A

Gram + rods

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2
Q

Does clostridium form spores?

A

yes

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3
Q

What is clostridium’s O2 requirements?

A

Obligate anaerobes

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4
Q

_____ bacteria: environment (soil) + intestinal mucus

A

Clostridium

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5
Q

____ stains endospores green

A

Malachite green

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6
Q

_____ formation is essential for all Clostridial pathogenicities who infect by stable endospores

A

spore

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7
Q

____ are very resistant against destruction or sterilization such as multiple hours of boiling
-are not subject to antibiotics

A

spores

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8
Q

_____, a severe form of food poisoning (often home canning) ►paralysis (clostridium botulinum)

A

Botulism

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9
Q

________ is also possible from soil or fecal contamination (clostridium botulinum)

A

wound botulism

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10
Q

_______ in 3-20 week infants without full intestinal flora causes muscle weakness but rarely severe and generally resolves as intestinal flora develops (clostridium botulinum)

A

“infant botulism”

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11
Q

________: blocks Acetylcholine release ►flaccid muscles including respiratory paralysis ►death (clostridium botulinum)

A

botulinum neurotoxin (AB-exotoxin)

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12
Q

What forms of clostridium act via toxins and do NOT invade tissues?

A

Clostridium tetani, botulinum, difficile

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13
Q

Is botulinum toxin heat stable or labile?

A

Heat labile

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14
Q

Anti-toxin for botulinum toxin takes how much time to take effect?

A

Weeks to months

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15
Q

______ causes botulism; main virulence factor is botulinum neurotoxin (AB-exotoxin)

A

clostridium botulinum

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16
Q

Dirty, puncture wounds (knife, bullet, tattoo) are typical opportunities for anaerobic growth of this bacteria; main virulence factor is tetanospasmin

A

Clostridium tetani

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17
Q

Which clostridium species causes muscle paralysis?

A

C. botulinum

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18
Q

Which clostridium species causes muscle spastic paralysis?

A

C. tetani

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19
Q

_______: blocks GABA(gamma-aminobutyric acid) and glycine release ►loss of inhibitory input to motor neuron excitation ►uncontrolled muscle contraction “spastic paralysis”
-Toxin effect may be localized and one-sided (on
opposite side of infection); anti-toxin usually too late

A

tetanospasmin (tetanus AB-exotoxin neurotoxin, plasmid-encoded)

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20
Q

_____ toxin prevents muscle relaxation leading to 30-50% mortality

A

Tetanus toxin

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21
Q

in what condition does Tetanus toxin prevents muscle relaxation leading to 30-50% mortality

A

Tetanus

22
Q

Passive immunization (IgG) of pregnant women can prevent _______ death by umbilical infection (250,000/yr worldwide)

A

neonatal tetanus

23
Q

Which clostridium species actually invades tissues and don’t act soley via toxins?

A

C. perfringens

24
Q 
\_\_\_\_ has the following virulence factors:
Alpha toxin
Theta toxin
Capsule
Collagenase
Hyaluronidase
A

Clostridium perfringens

25
Q

____ toxin causes membrane destruction: a-hemolysis (Clostridium perfringens)

A

Alpha toxin

26
Q

___ toxin is a cytolytic toxin; B-hemolysis (Clostridium perfringens)

A

Theta toxin

27
Q

What 2 things facilitate tissue invasion from the edges of necrotizing tissues in Clostridium perfringens?

A

Collagenase and Hyaluronidase

28
Q

anaerobic fermentation (of amino acids)►gas­(H2, CO2) causes _______ (Clostridium perfringens)

A

►gas gangrene

29
Q

puerperal (“childbed”) fever is called _______ (Clostridium perfringens)

A

uterine gangrene

30
Q

Is there an antibody effective against C.. perfringens?

A

No; amputation usually necessary

31
Q

_______ results from broad-spectrum antibiotics that kill much of the other normal intestinal bacterial flora, giving resistant species like toxin-producing Clostridium difficile a chance to take over.Also observed after antimicrobial chemo-therapy (Clostridium difficile)

A

Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis(PMC)

32
Q

____ (bacteria) is the most common cause of hospital diarrhea

A

Clostridium difficile

33
Q

The following virulence factors are characteristic of _______:
Toxin A
Toxin B

A

Clostridium difficile

34
Q

_______: PMN chemotaxis, inhibits intestinal tight-junctions ►fluid leak (Clostridium difficile)

A

toxin A (enterotoxin)

35
Q

______: actin depolymerization►rounding of epithelial cells►fluid leak (Clostridium difficile)

A

toxin B (cytotoxin)

36
Q

What gram stain and shape are bacillus species?

A

Gram + rods

37
Q

Do bacillus sp form spores?

A

Yes

38
Q

____ bacteria: •zoonotic infection “woolsorter’s disease”•Gram+ rods, facultative anaerobe

A

Bacillus anthracis

39
Q

What is the O2 requirements of Bacillus anthracis?

A

Facultative anaerobe

40
Q

The following virulence factors are characteristic of ________:
Edema factor
Lethal factor
Capsule

A

Bacillus anthracis

41
Q

Which subunit of toxin is a protective antigen and is the target for neutralizing antibodies? (Bacillus anthracis)

A

B subunit

42
Q

Which subunit of toxin is toxic (EF or LF)? (Bacillus anthracis)

A

A subunit

43
Q

Which A subunit toxin of (Bacillus anthracis) modifies a regulatory protein cells causing those cells to overproduce fluids?

A

Edema factor

44
Q

Which A subunit toxin of (Bacillus anthracis) inactivates proteins involved in cell signaling functions?

A

Lethal factor

45
Q

_____= adenylate cyclase ►cAMP­►edema(like cholera toxin) (Bacillus anthracis)

A

EF

46
Q

_____= metallo-protease ►MAP kinase ►death (cell death with pulmonary edema)
(Bacillus anthracis)

A

LF

47
Q
  1. entry lungs, uptake by lung phagocytes; –latency of 2 months or more may occur
  2. to lymph nodes [spore germination-phagocytes die]; –pneumonial and meningitis type symptoms are seen
  3. bloodstream -> powerful toxins (macrophage TNF-α: toxic shock death in 1-2 days)
A

Inhalation anthrax

48
Q

_______: •ulcers in mouth, esophagus -> edema + sepsis

•Lethality if in lower intestines: 100%

A

Gastrointestinal anthrax

49
Q

What is the bacterial agent of anthrax?

A

Bacillus anthracis

50
Q

______:•redness (inflammatory cytokines), edema (EdTx) with vascular (top) and vesicle (bottom) rupture.
•Lethality: 20%

A

Skin anthrax

51
Q

________ (an opportunistic pathogen)
•gastroenteritis, ocular infections, bacteremia
•heat-stable and heat-labile toxins, necrotic toxin

A

Bacillus cereus

Microbiology (46 decks)

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