Intro to Virology

Question 1

• simple organization
• DNA or RNA genome
• unable to reproduce outside of living cells
• obligate intracellular parasites

Answer 1

Viruses

Question 2

• complex organization
• DNA genome and RNAs
• carry out cell division
• some are obligate intracellular parasites

Answer 2

Cellular Organisms

Question 3

_____ virus is bigger by far than any other known virus; and rivals bacteria

Answer 3

Pandoravirus

Question 4

_______ viruses genomes are segmented and the segments are distributed into separate viral particles

Answer 4

Multicomponent

Question 5

Multicomponent viruses genomes are segmented and the segments are distributed into separate _______

Answer 5

viral particles

Question 6

____ theory of viral origin: viruses evolved by degenerative evolution from intracellular parasitic cells

Answer 6

Reductive origin

Question 7

____ theory of viral origin: viruses evolved from functional parts of cells that acquired an ability to reproduce themselves uncontrolled by the cell

Answer 7

Intracellular origin

Question 8

____ theory of viral origin: viroid nucleic acids could have evolved outside of cells during the RNA world and acquired the ability to infect cells

Answer 8

Independent origin

Question 9

Cultivation of viruses requires _____ of living host cell

Answer 9

inoculation

Question 10

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ used for cultivation of viruses
•suitable animals
•embryonated eggs•tissue (cell) cultures
–monolayers of animal cells
–plaques
•cytopathic effects (CPEs)

Answer 10

living host cell

Question 11

–microscopic or macroscopic degenerative changes or abnormalities in host cells and tissues

Answer 11

cytopathic effects (CPEs)

Question 12

DNA/RNA + structural proteins+ enzymes and nucleic acid- binding proteins form a _______

Answer 12

nucleocapsid

Question 13

What form of symmetry is the HSV-1 and Bacteriophage T4 capsid?

Answer 13

Icosahedral

Question 14

Filamentous virus is what symmetry?

Answer 14

Helical

Question 15

If a virus only has a nucleocapsid, what is it referred to as?

Answer 15

Naked capsid virus

Question 16

If a virus has a nucleocapsid and glycoproteins and membrane, it is referred to as _______

Answer 16

Enveloped virus

Question 17

What is the difference between an enveloped and non-enveloped virus?

Answer 17

Glycoproteins and lipid bilayer

Question 18

Vaccinia poxvirus is what viral symmetry?

Answer 18

Asymmetrical

Question 19

Viruses are classified using a combination of what 4 properties?

Answer 19

• Type and structure of nucleic acid used for viral genome
• Presence or absence of envelope
• Type of capsid symmetry
• Replication strategy

Question 20

What are the 5 steps of virus replication?

Answer 20

–adsorption
–penetration and uncoating
–synthesis of viral proteins and nucleic acids
–assembly of virions
–release

Question 21

______ of Virions

•viral surface proteins and/or enzymes mediate attachment to specific host receptors

Answer 21

Adsorption

Question 22

What are the 3 mechanisms of penetration and uncoating?

Answer 22

–injection of nucleic acid
–fusion of envelope with host membrane
–endocytosis

Question 23

–encoded by late genes (Assembly of Virus Capsids)

Answer 23

capsid proteins

Question 24

–empty procapsids formed then nucleic acid inserted (Assembly of Virus Capsids)

Answer 24

assembly of naked viruses

Question 25

–in most cases, similar to assembly of naked viruses (Assembly of Virus Capsids)

Answer 25

assembly of enveloped viruses

Question 26

–usually by lysis of host cell(Virion Release)

Answer 26

naked viruses

Question 27

–formation of envelope and release usually occur concurrently(Virion Release)

Answer 27

enveloped viruses

Question 28

* virus-encoded proteins incorporated into host membrane | * nucleocapsid buds outward and is surrounded by modified host membrane(Virion Release)

Answer 28

enveloped viruses

Question 29

_____ are viral and are considered as part of the human virome

Answer 29

Bacteriophages

Question 30

Which prophage is associated with Botulinum toxin?

Answer 30

Phage C1

Question 31

Which prophage is associated with Diphtheria toxin?

Answer 31

Beta phage

Question 32

Which prophage is associated with LPS synthesis?

Answer 32

Epsilon 34

Question 33

Which human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) is associated with Syncytin-1?

Answer 33

HERV-W

Question 34

Which human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) is associated with apolipoprotein C1?

Answer 34

HERV-E

Question 35

The bacteriophage replication cycle is characterized by ____ release: produces viruses without killing the cell

Answer 35

Slow release

Question 36

What are the 3 bacterial defenses against bacteriophages?

Answer 36

Genetic resistance Restriction endonucleases CRISPR

Question 37

_________ –mutations in bacterial genes (e.g. receptor)(bacterial defenses against bacteriophages)

Answer 37

Genetic resistance

Question 38

________–enzymes that cut invading DNA(bacterial defenses against bacteriophages)

Answer 38

Restriction endonucleases

Question 39

________ –a bacterial immune system(bacterial defenses against bacteriophages)

Answer 39

CRISPR

Question 40

______ therapy being explored as a potential antibiotic treatment

Answer 40

Phage therapy

Question 41

_______ may limit the bacterial numbers to levels that the human immune system can tolerate; the particles may modulate immune system activity; they may attack biofilms

Answer 41

Phages