Principles 1- Part B

Question 1

_______ are known to exist in extreme environements

Answer 1

Archea

Question 2

What are the three domains of life?

Answer 2

Bacteria (true bacteria)
Archaea (also prokaryotic)
Eucarya

Question 3

some _______ also have internal membrane systems

Answer 3

internal

Question 4

highly organized, asymmetric, flexible, and

dynamic

Answer 4

Plasma Membrane

Question 5

– interact with water

– hydrophilic

Answer 5

polar ends

Question 6

– insoluble in water

– hydrophobic

Answer 6

nonpolar ends

Question 7

Hopanoid

Answer 7

bacterial version of cholesterol

Question 8

separation of cell from its environment
• selectively permeable barrier
– some molecules are allowed to pass into or out
of the cell
– transport systems aid in movement of molecules
• location of crucial metabolic processes
• detection of and response to chemicals in surroundings with the aid of special receptor molecules in the membrane

Answer 8

Functions of the Plasma Membrane

Question 9

granules of organic or inorganic material

that are stockpiled by the cell for future use

Answer 9

Inclusion Bodies

Question 10

It is very rare for _____ _____ to be encolsed by a single-layered membrane

Answer 10

inclusion bodies

Question 11

• complex structures consisting of protein and
  RNA
• sites of protein synthesis

Answer 11

Ribosomes

Question 12

_______ are different in the prokaryotic and the Eukaryotic forms. This can be seen on the macro level but can be manipulated on the micro level.

Answer 12

ribosomes

Question 13

irregularly shaped
region 
• location of chromosome
– usually 1/cell 
• not membrane-
bound

Answer 13

The Nucleoid

Question 14

In actively growing cells, the________ has projections; these probably contain DNA being actively transcribed

Answer 14

nucleoid

Question 15

• a closed circular, double-stranded DNA
molecule
• looped and coiled extensively
• nucleoid proteins probably aid in folding
– nucleoid proteins differ from histones

Answer 15

The prokaryotic chromosome

Question 16

T or F:

some prokaryotes have more than 1 chromosome. This is considered an unusual nucleoid

Answer 16

true

Question 17

T or F: some prokaryotes have chromosomes

composed of linear double-stranded DNA

Answer 17

True. this is considered unusual

Question 18

T or F: a few genera have membrane-delimited

nucleoids

Answer 18

True. this is considered unusual

Question 19

• usually small, closed circular DNA
molecules 
• exist and replicate independently of
chromosome 
• not required for growth and reproduction 
• may carry genes that confer selective
advantage (e.g., drug resistance)

Answer 19

Plasmids

Question 20

True or false: Prokaryotes have a cell wall

Answer 20

true

Question 21

• provides characteristic shape to cell
• protects the cell from osmotic lysis
• may also contribute to pathogenicity
• may also protect cell from toxic substances

Answer 21

Functions of the cell wall

Question 22

Bacteria are divided into two major groups based on the response to Gram-stain
procedure. the staining reaction due to cell wall structure.

What are the two types of categories?

Answer 22

Gram + and Gram -

Question 23

t or f: gram-positive bacteria stain purple

Answer 23

true

Question 24

gram-negative bacteria stain______.

Answer 24

pink

Question 25

The gram + cell wall has a _____ layer of peptidoglycan .

Answer 25

thick

Question 26

The gram - cell wall has a _______ layer of peptidoglycan that is separate from the cell wall.

Answer 26

thin

Question 27

gap between plasma membrane and cell wall (gram-positive bacteria) or between plasma membrane and outer membrane (gram-negative bacteria)

Answer 27

periplasmic space

Question 28

substance that occupies periplasmic space

Answer 28

periplasm

Question 29

Where are periplasmic enzymes found?

Answer 29

found in periplasm of gram-negative | bacteria

Question 30

– nutrient acquisition – electron transport – peptidoglycan synthesis – modification of toxic compounds

Answer 30

Functions of periplasmic enzymes

Question 31

_____ are secreted by gram-positive bacteria

Answer 31

Exoenzymes

Question 32

_______ perform many of the same functions that periplasmic enzymes do for gram-negative bacteria

Answer 32

Exoenzymes

Question 33

______ ______ is a important component of both gram-positive | and gram-negative bacteria

Answer 33

peptidoglycan structure

Question 34

– N-acetylglucosamine | – N-acetylmuramic acid

Answer 34

the two alternating sugars that form a backbone for the peptidoglycan sturcutre

Question 35

which bacteria have the peptide interbridge?

Answer 35

gram +

Question 36

``` • composed primarily of peptidoglycan • also contain large amounts of teichoic acids ```

Answer 36

Gram + cell walls

Question 37

____- anchor the peptidoglycan layer to the plasma membrane

Answer 37

teichoic acid

Question 38

• polymers of glycerol or ribitol joined by phosphate groups

Answer 38

teichoic acids

Question 39

• consist of a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane • outer membrane composed of lipids, lipoproteins, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) • no teichoic acids

Answer 39

Gram - cell walls

Question 40

•______ lipoproteins connect outer membrane to peptidoglycan

Answer 40

Braun’s Seen in gram -????

Question 41

– sites of direct contact (possibly true membrane fusions) between plasma membrane and outer membrane – substances may move directly into cell through adhesion sites

Answer 41

Adhesion sites

Question 42

Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) | are seen on gram ___ surfaces

Answer 42

gram -

Question 43

– lipid A – core polysaccharide – O side chain (O antigen)

Answer 43

the three parts of LPS Lipopolysaccarides

Question 44

What is the exterior part of the LPS?

Answer 44

the O side Chain