Principles 1- Part A

Question 1

What are the 4 microorganisms that make up the microbiome of the human body?

Answer 1

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Protozoa

Question 2

Symbionts that harm or live at the expense of their host

Answer 2

Parasitic organisms

Question 3

_____: microbes frequently found on or within the bodies of healthy persons

Answer 3

Normal microbiota-

Question 4

______–growth and multiplication of parasite on or within host

Answer 4

Infection

Question 5

______–disease resulting from infection

Answer 5

Infectious disease

Question 6

______–any parasitic organism that causes infectious disease

Answer 6

Pathogen

Question 7

______ pathogen –causes disease by direct interaction with host

Answer 7

primary (frank) pathogen

Question 8

______ pathogen –causes disease only under certain circumstances

Answer 8

opportunistic pathogen

Question 9

______–ability of parasite to cause disease

Answer 9

Pathogenicity

Question 10

______-any component of a pathogenic microbe that is required for or that potentiates its ability to cause disease

Answer 10

Virulence factor

Question 11

What are the 6 steps in an infectious disease?

Answer 11

Encounter
Entry
Spread 
Multiplication
Damage
Outcome

Question 12

What are the 3 forms of encounter of an infectious disease?

Answer 12

Exogenous
Endogenous
Congenital

Question 13

____ is a form of entry of an infectious disease regarding inhalation or ingestion

Answer 13

Ingress

Question 14

____ is a form of entry of an infectious disease regarding microbes pass through epithelia directly (via attachment and internalization), insect bites, cuts and wounds, organ transplants and blood transfusions

Answer 14

Penetration

Question 15

______: the collection of all the microorganisms living in association with the human body

Answer 15

Human Microbiome

Question 16

Bacteria in an average human body number ____ times more than human cells

Answer 16

ten

Question 17

T/F: Bacteria in the microbiome of a healthy individual are essential for maintaining health

Answer 17

True

Question 18

______ do all of the following:
produce some vitamins that we do not have the genes to make
break down our food to extract nutrients we need to survive
teach our immune systems how to recognize dangerous invaders
produce helpful anti-inflammatory compounds that fight off other disease-causing microbes
occupy space to crowd out disease-causing microbes
detoxification of carcinogens but sometimes are the source of carcinogen production

Answer 18

Bacteria

Question 19

Changes in the composition of our microbiomes correlate with numerous _____ states

Answer 19

disease

Question 20

Locations in body with _____ amounts of bacteria:
skin (especially moist areas)
respiratory tract (nose and oropharynx)
digestive tract (mouth and large intestine)
urinary tract (anterior parts of urethra)
genital system (vagina)

Answer 20

Largest

Question 21

Some body locations have \_\_\_\_\_ amounts of bacteria:
.blood,
 cerebrospinal fluid, 
synovial fluid,
 deep tissues

Answer 21

no; sterile

Question 22

Other body locations have ____ numbers of bacteria: Remainder of respiratory and digestive tracts

Answer 22

small

Question 23

_____ -overgrowth of particular bacteria in gingival crevices

Answer 23

periodontitis

Question 24

______ -defenses lowered and microaspirations of pneumococci

Answer 24

pneumonia

Question 25

The oral flora includes what 4 things?

Answer 25

bacteria (and archeae) fungi protozoa (eukaryotes) viruses

Question 26

~____ different species of bacteria are estimated to be present in the oral cavity

Answer 26

700

Question 27

What are the 5 main oral habitats for the oral flora?

Answer 27

``` buccal mucosa dorsum of tongue tooth surfaces crevicular epithelium dental appliances ```

Question 28

______ is: saliva mixture of inorganic ions organic constituents proteins and glycoproteins (e.g. mucin) promotes adhesion of bacteria on tooth surfaces organic components form a coating on tooth surfaces= salivary pellicle source of food promotes aggregation of bacteria, facilitating their clearance from mouth inhibits growth of microbes by non-specific defense factors maintains pH

Answer 28

Saliva

Question 29

_______ that create areas that are difficult to clean: shape and topography of teeth e.g. fissures malalignment of teeth poor quality of restorations (e.g. fillings and bridges) non-keratinized sulcular epithelium

Answer 29

anatomical features

Question 30

components form a coating on tooth surfaces called the _______

Answer 30

salivary pellicle

Question 31

``` _______ is used for the following: flushing microbes out of crevice source of nutrients for microbes maintains pH specific and non-specific defense factors phagocytosis neutrophils main phagocyte ```

Answer 31

gingival crevicular fluid