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Microbiology > Immunization > Flashcards

Immunization Flashcards

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1
Q

What are two key public health measures have a major effect on lowering the incidence of infectious disease?

A
  1. Public sanitation

2. Vaccines

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2
Q

An immunizing agent derived from microorganisms Vaccines may consist of the following:

  1. Live, attenuated microorganisms
  2. Killed (irreversibly inactivated) microorganisms
  3. Products or derivatives of microorganisms
A

Vaccine

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3
Q

What are the three variations of vaccine types?

A
  1. Live, attenuated microorganisms
  2. Killed (irreversibly inactivated) microorganisms
  3. Products or derivatives of microorganisms
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4
Q

administration of a vaccine

A

Active immunization

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5
Q

administration of exogenously produced

or preformed antibodies

A

Passive Immunization

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6
Q

What are some uses of Passive Immunization?

A
  1. To prevent disease after a known exposure
  2. To ameliorate the symptoms of an ongoing disease
  3. To protect immunodeficient individuals
  4. To block the action of bacterial toxins and prevent the diseases they cause
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7
Q
  • Postexposure treatment

- Injection of purified antibody or antibody-containing serum to provide rapid, temporary protection or treatment.

A

Passive immunization

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8
Q

____ ______ ______ are used against:

Hepatitis A 
Hepatitis B 
Rabies 
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Varicella zoster 
Tetanus
A

Human Immune GLobulins

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9
Q

___ ____ are used against:

Botulism
Diphtheria

A

Animal antitoxins

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10
Q
  • sometimes antiviral antibody titers not high enough
  • contamination with other infectious agents

-need to use early after exposure
often this is not possible

-some viruses have a limited extracellular phase
herpesviruses, enteroviruses

A

Passive immunization limitations

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11
Q

t/f: Antibody-containing products can inhibit the immune response elicited by vaccines

A

true

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12
Q

t/f: Administration of vaccines should be delayed until passive antibody has degraded

A

true

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13
Q

For diseases with long incubation periods both active and passive immunization are used for postexposure control

WHAT ARE THREE EXAMPLES?

A

Hepatitis B, rabies, tetanus

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14
Q
  • Use of vaccines to elicit immune responses
  • Inactivated, subunit, and killed vaccines

-Live vaccines (attenuated)

A

Active Vaccination

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15
Q

With ____, _____, ___ ____ ____ there are:

  • No risk of infection
  • Use large amounts of antigen
  • Inactivate or kill by chemical treatment (e.g. formalin) or heat for bacteria, viruses, or bacterial toxins.
  • purify or synthesize subunits or components of the infectious agent.
A

Inactivated, subunit, and killed vaccines

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16
Q

______ required to boost the immunogenicity of these vaccines

A

Adjuvants

17
Q

Alum (aluminum salt) is an example of an _______..

A

Adjuvants

18
Q

Modern______ are designed to be or to mimic PAMPs

  • bacterial cell wall components
  • synthetic polymers
  • bacterial toxins (attenuated)
A

adjuvants

19
Q

t/f: Adjuvants influence the type of immune response

Th1 or Th2

A

true

20
Q

What are some disadvantages of Inactivated, subunit, and killed vaccines?

A
  1. Immunity is not usually long-lived (generates a Th2 response that does not elicit
    effective immune memory)
  2. Immunity may be humoral and not cell-mediated
  3. The vaccine does not usually elicit a local IgA response
  4. Booster shots are required 5. Larger doses must be used
21
Q

A class of Inactivated, subunit, and killed vaccines: ____ _____

  • toxoids
    C orynebacterium diphtheriae, Clostridium tetani

-inactivated (killed) bacteria (Ex. Vibrio cholrae)

-capsule or protein subunits of bacteria
Capsular polysaccharide vaccines: Haemophilus influenzae B

-Conjugate these because polysaccharides are poor immunogens
Hib polysasccharide + diphtheria toxoid

A

Bacterial vaccines

22
Q 
inactivated viruses (polio, hepatitis A, influenza, and rabies)
protein subunits of viruses (hepatitis B)
A

Viral vaccines

23
Q

-Use avirulent or attenuated microorganisms

  • Immunization resembles the natural infection
    host reaction progresses through Th1 and Th2 immune responses
    humoral, cellular, and memory immune responses are developed
  • Only a single dose usually required
  • Immunity is generally long-lived
  • No adjuvant required
A

Live vaccines (active immunization)

24
Q

Disadvantages of live vaccines

A
  1. Vaccine microorganism may still be dangerous for immunosuppressed people or
    pregnant women, who do not have the immunologic resources to resolve even a weakened infection
  2. The vaccine microorganism may revert to a virulent form (for viruses)
  3. The viability of the vaccine must be maintained
25
Q

Calmette-Guerin bacillus (tuberculosis) is an example of a ______ ______

  • attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis
  • not routinely used in United States because vaccinated individuals show a false-positive reaction to the tuberculosis test used in this country (PPD test = purified protein derivative test)
A

Bacterial vaccines

26
Q

MMR vaccine

measles virus (Paramyxovirus family; genus Morbillivirus) 
mumps virus (Paramyxovirus family; genus Paramyxovirus) rubella virus (Togavirus family; genus Rubivirus)

Varicella-zoster virus (also available as part of MMRV vaccine)

A

Viral Vaccines

27
Q

the host immune responses associated with disease protection

A

correlates of protection

28
Q

What two vaccines protect solely or principally by induction of serum antibodies?

A

hepatitis A

Tetanus

29
Q

___ ____ play a role in protection against infections caused by agents that must first replicate on mucosal surfaces.

-example: rotavirus

A

Secretory antibodies

30
Q

What two infections requre Vaccines for which T-cell responses are essential?

A

measles and varicella

Microbiology (46 decks)

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