Principle 2- Part A

Question 1

What are the 6 macroelements required for cell components used for components of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids?

Answer 1

C, O, N, H, S, P

Question 2

What are the 4 macroelements required for cell components that exist as cations and play many roles, including cofactors of enzymes?

Answer 2

K, Ca, Mg, Fe

Question 3

What are the 6 trace elements required for cell components that are mainly needed as cofactors of enzymes?

Answer 3

Mn, Zn, Co, Mb, Ni, Cu

Question 4

What type of organisms use light for source of energy?

Answer 4

Phototrophs

Question 5

What type of organisms use oxidation of organic or inorganic compounds for source of energy?

Answer 5

Chemotrophs

Question 6

What type of organisms use reduced inorganic molecules as a source of reducing equivalents?

Answer 6

Lithotrophs

Question 7

What type of organisms use organic molecules as a source of reducing equivalents?

Answer 7

Organotrophs

Question 8

What are the 3 processes that require electron donors?

Answer 8

ETC
Oxidation reduction rxns
Biosynthesis in autotrophs

Question 9

What types of organisms use CO2 as their main/only source of carbon?

Answer 9

Autotrophs

Question 10

What types of organisms use reduced, preformed organic molecules as their source of carbon?

Answer 10

Heterotrophs

Question 11

What are the main N sources?

Answer 11

amino acids
ammonia,
nitrate -> ammonia
N2

Question 12

What is the main P source?

Answer 12

inorganic phosphate (PO43-)

Question 13

What are the 2 main S sources?

Answer 13

sulfate (SO42-)
reduced sulfur (e.g. cysteine)

Question 14

What are the 3 main growth factors used as nutrient sources?

Answer 14

amino acids
purines and pyrimidines
vitamins (small organic molecules)

Question 15

_____ perform aerobic respiration only final electron acceptor is oxygen(reduced to H2O)

Answer 15

Strict aerobes

Question 16

_____ can perform respiration and fermentation

-most medically relevant bacteria

Answer 16

facultative anaerobes

Question 17

What is the final electron acceptor for strict aerobes?

Answer 17

Oxygen

Question 18

What is the final electron acceptor for strict anaerobes that perform anaerobic respiration?

Answer 18

Inorganic molecules

Question 19

What is the final electron acceptor for strict anaerobes that perform fermentation?

Answer 19

Organic molecules

Question 20

What are the 4 Gram positive bacteria species in the mouth?

Answer 20

Streptococcus
Peptostreptococcus
Actinomyces
Lactobacillus

Question 21

What 2 species of Gram + bacteria in the mouth are facultative anaerobes only?

Answer 21

Streptococcus

Lactobacillus

Question 22

What species of Gram + bacteria in the mouth are strict anaerobes only?

Answer 22

Peptostreptococcus

Question 23

What species of Gram + bacteria in the mouth are strict or facultative anaerobes?

Answer 23

Actinomyces

Question 24

What are the 7 gram negative bacteria species in the mouth?

Answer 24

Veillonella spp.
Aggregatibacter spp.
Capnocytophaga spp.
Porphyromonas spp.
Prevotella spp.
Fusobacterium spp.
Spirochetes spp.

Question 25

What is the only cocci gram negative bacteria species in the mouth?

Answer 25

Veillonella spp.

Question 26

What is the only spiral gram negative bacteria species in the mouth?

Answer 26

Spirochetes spp.

Question 27

What are the 2 capnophilic gram negative bacteria species in the mouth?

Answer 27

Aggregatibacter spp. | Capnocytophaga spp.

Question 28

What are the 5 strict anaerobes gram negative bacteria species in the mouth?

Answer 28

``` Veillonella spp. Porphyromonas spp. Prevotella spp. Fusobacterium spp. Spirochetes spp. ```

Question 29

move from higher conc. to lower conc. no energy requirement Utilize permeases

Answer 29

Facilitated diffusion

Question 30

_____ are carrier proteins embedded in the plasma membrane

Answer 30

permeases

Question 31

Transported substances are chemically altered during the process. This process uses energy: phosphate bond in phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). Phosphate from PEP is transferred to several protein intermediates, eventually becoming linked to the transported substance. Also called a phosphotransferase system (PTS or PEP-PTS) Some sugars are transported this way

Answer 31

Group translocation

Question 32

What is the source of energy for group translocation?

Answer 32

PEP

Question 33

Energy is used to drive the accumulation of a substance, which remains unchanged by the transport process.

Answer 33

Active transport

Question 34

_____-driven transport systems use proton motive force (gradient of protons) by coupling to an energetically unfavorable transport event (concentration of a substance against a gradient) Common substances transferred are amino acids.

Answer 34

Ion-driven

Question 35

________ dependent transport systems use membrane proteins that form a channel and drive substances through the channel using the energy from ATP hydrolysis. Common substances transferred are sugars and amino acids.

Answer 35

Binding protein dependent

Question 36

What type of transport use carriers that can be saturated?

Answer 36

All active transport

Question 37

What do microorgs use to take up ferric iron?

Answer 37

Sideophores

Question 38

_____ ______ organisms have complex needs and can only grow in association with the human body or in complex culture medium (example: blood agar). Ex. Staphylococci and Streptococci

Answer 38

Nutritionally Fastidious Organisms

Question 39

Growth in real world and culturing in laboratory reflects______ needs

Answer 39

nutritional

Question 40

____ ____ can grow on more than 30 different organic compounds, using each to obtain C, H/electrons, and energy.

Answer 40

E. coli

Question 41

Growth in real world is________.

Answer 41

suboptimal

Question 42

T or F Microbes Still cause damage to host when not growing

Answer 42

true When immunogenic or toxin producing

Question 43

• Maximize efficiency in using energy and resources * Respond to changes * Pathways can be switched on and off * pathways can be turned up or turned down

Answer 43

Mechanisms of Adaptation

Question 44

What are two ways of establishing control?

Answer 44

control of enzyme activity (in pathway) control of number of enzyme molecules (in cell)

Question 45

What is one example of controlling enzyme activity?

Answer 45

allosteric regulation

Question 46

All enzymes have_____ sites (for catalysis) Some enzymes also have_____ sites (for regulation)

Answer 46

1. active | 2. allosteric

Question 47

allosteric sites bind regulatory molecules: - noncovalent - reversible - affects activity of enzyme - positive effectors increase activity - negative effectors decrease activity

Answer 47

Characteristics of allosteric sites

Question 48

a. change affinity of enzyme for substrate | b. change Vmax

Answer 48

Action of effector molecules

Question 49

Attenuation

Answer 49

Control of the number of enzyme molecules | Regulation of enzyme synthesis

Question 50

_____ is slower than allosteric control

Answer 50

Attenuation

Question 51

catabolic pathways control transcription initiation by _____ ______.

Answer 51

Gene induction (by inducer)

Question 52

anabolic pathways control transcription initiation by _____ ______.

Answer 52

gene repression (by corepressor)