Exam 2: Bovine Metabolic Diseases

Question 1

Peak milk yield occurs at _____ weeks post-calving

Answer 1

8 weeks

Question 2

Fatty Liver Syndrome has peak incidence from

_______ weeks post-partum

Answer 2

2 - 10 weeks

Question 3

This syndrome is primarily seen in DAIRY cows

overfed during latter lactation or in those with a

long dry period

Answer 3

Fatty Liver Syndrome

Question 4

What are the clinical signs seen in Fatty Liver Syndrome?

Answer 4

HIGH incidence of POST PARTUM disease

often accompanied by LEUKOPENIA

(often also have other issues like retained placenta or metritis)

Question 5

How is Fatty Liver Syndrome treated?

Answer 5

50% glucose IV or 25% glucose/25% fructose IV

Protamine Zinc Insulin + Glucose

Choline + Niacin

PROPYLENE GLYCOL or SODIUM PROPRIONATE

ABx (for 2ndary infx)

Question 6

______ ketosis occurs due to negative energy balance,

especially early in lactation

Answer 6

Primary

Question 7

Secondary ketosis is related to ______, secondary to another dz

Answer 7

anorexia

Question 8

Which form of ketosis is most likely to be seen?

Answer 8

Secondary ketosis

Question 9

The nervous form of this condition in lactating cows occasionally occurs,

causing the cows to self-mutilate. Rabies is always a DDx for this.

Answer 9

Ketosis

Question 10

What clinical signs do you expect to see with ketosis?

Answer 10

decreased appetite and milk production

some degree of hypocalcemia

odor of ketones on breath, urine, and in milk

Question 11

What tests are used to diagnose ketosis?

Answer 11

Powder or Dipstick test

Question 12

Ketones are more concentrated in _____ than in milk

Answer 12

urine

Question 13

What drugs are used to stimulate gluconeogenesis in the treatment

of bovine ketosis

Answer 13

Dexamethasone/Flumethasone

or

Bovine Somatotropin

Question 14

What is the best treatment for bovine ketosis?

Answer 14

500 cc of 50% glucose RAPID IV

Question 15

The cow utilizes _______% of the glucose its given

when treating ketosis with 500 cc of 50% glucose rapid IV

Answer 15

80%

Question 16

How do you prevent bovine ketosis?

Answer 16

Maintain proper BCS (3.5/5) from the dry period through calving

Question 17

Pregnancy toxemia occurs more frequently in _______ cows and small ruminants

Answer 17

BEEF

Question 18

Parturient paresis is also known as

Answer 18

milk fever

Question 19

Which cow breeds are predisposed to milk fever?

Answer 19

Jersey and Guernsey

Question 20

What calcium level do you expect to see in a Downer Cow?

Answer 20

7.5 mg/dL

Question 21

What is the normal calcium level in a cow?

Answer 21

9 - 12 mg/dL

Question 22

What happens if a non-lactating cow is fed a high calcium diet?

Answer 22

Parathyroid gland slows down and stops producing PTH,

resulting in decreased calcium mobilization

Question 23

T/F:

Milk fever can be the basis for abomasal displacement, metritis, mastitis,

or anything that has to do with failure of muscle movement of internal organs

Answer 23

TRUE

Question 24

You see a DOWN COW with COLD EARS.

What is your primary ddx?

Answer 24

Parturient Paresis (Milk Fever)

Question 25

Stage _____ of Milk Fever happens very quickly and is often not seen. It includes hypersensitivity, excitement, twitching, and incoordination

Answer 25

Stage **1**

Question 26

A cow in sternal recumbency with head to the side, and signs related to lack of muscular activity (failure of defecation or urination, slightly bloated), subnormal temperature and dilated pupils is in this stage of MILK FEVER

Answer 26

Stage 2

Question 27

In this stage of Milk Fever, all muscles are flaccid, and cow is unable to remain in sternal recumbency, so it falls into lateral recumbency. It runs the risk of aspirating and dying

Answer 27

Stage 3

Question 28

How is milk fever treated?

Answer 28

IV Calcium Borogluconate

Question 29

T/F: One sign you may see in cows with milk fever is lack of a PLR

Answer 29

TRUE

Question 30

What is the first sign you see after treating a cow with milk fever with IV Calcium Borogluconate to know your tx is working?

Answer 30

Muscle fasciculations

Question 31

What signs do you see after treating a cow with milk fever with IV Calcium Borogluconate to know your tx is working?

Answer 31

1- Muscle fasciculations 2- heart speeds up 3- eructation 4- defecation and urination

Question 32

What medication is administed orally after IV treatment with Calcium Borogluconate in order to prevent a relapse of milk fever?

Answer 32

Electrolyte paste- Calcium chloride

Question 33

Preventing Milk Fever: Do not overfeed calcium (alfalfa) in the \_\_\_\_\_\_period

Answer 33

dry

Question 34

Preventing Milk Fever: Increase feeding of _______ salts during the dry period

Answer 34

anionic

Question 35

What does DECAD stand for?

Answer 35

Dietary cation anion difference

Question 36

Preventing Milk Fever: The DECAD in the transition period should be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 36

- 10 to -15

Question 37

Preventing Milk Fever: The DECAD after calving should be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 37

closer to +40

Question 38

Post-partum hemoglobinuria is due to deficiency of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 38

phosphate

Question 39

Post-partum hemoglobinuria (hypophosphatemia) occurs within _______ weeks of calving

Answer 39

6 weeks

Question 40

Are grazing cattle, or grain fed cattle, more at risk for Post-partum hemoglobinuria (hypophosphatemia)?

Answer 40

Grazing cattle

Question 41

This is the most common deficiency seen worldwide in cattle

Answer 41

Post-partum hemoglobinuria (hypophosphatemia)

Question 42

Which animals are most severely affected by Post-partum hemoglobinuria (hypophosphatemia)?

Answer 42

YOUNG animals Heavily lactating dairy cows

Question 43

Post-partum hemoglobinuria (hypophosphatemia) occurs during the time of peak \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 43

peak lactation

Question 44

Decreased phosphate results in weak \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 44

RBCs

Question 45

What clinical signs do you expect to see in YOUNG animals with Post-partum hemoglobinuria (hypophosphatemia)?

Answer 45

Physeal enlargement Rickets Stiffness Bowed legs

Question 46

What clinical signs do you expect to see in ADULT animals with Post-partum hemoglobinuria (hypophosphatemia)?

Answer 46

Osteomalacia, stiffness Spontaneous fractures PICA Hemoglobinuria

Question 47

How is Post-partum hemoglobinuria (hypophosphatemia) treated?

Answer 47

Sodium acid phosphate IV + phosphate mineral supplement to prevent it in the whole herd

Question 48

Grass tetany/staggers is due to ________ deficiency

Answer 48

magnesium

Question 49

This condition tends to occur when cattle feed on lush green, highly fertilized pastures during the cool growing season

Answer 49

Hypomagnesemia (Grass Tetany/Staggers)

Question 50

An influencing factor of Hypomagnesemia (Grass Tetany/Staggers) is the _______ level around the root of fescue grass, which affects if Mg and Ca can get into the plant

Answer 50

phosphorus

Question 51

What is the ideal Ca:Mg ratio?

Answer 51

2.2

Question 52

What are clinical signs associated with Hypomagnesemia (Grass Tetany/Staggers)?

Answer 52

HYPEREXCITABILITY Muscle spasms Aberrant behavior progressing through staggering to lateral recumbency Opisthotonos, nystagmus Salivation, foaming at the mouth 1st sign: weight loss, decreased milk

Question 53

Low magnesium, less than _______ mg/dL is diagnostic of Hypomagnesemia (Grass Tetany/Staggers)

Answer 53

\<1.2 mg/dL

Question 54

T/F: Hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and **hyper**phosphatemia may be seen in conjunction in the case of (Grass Tetany/Staggers)

Answer 54

true

Question 55

How is Hypomagnesemia (Grass Tetany/Staggers) treated?

Answer 55

Magnesium hypophosphate and Calcium

Question 56

To prevent Hypomagnesemia (Grass Tetany/Staggers), the soil Ca:Mg ratio should be \_\_\_\_\_\_ and the soil K:Mg ratio should be \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 56

Ca:Mg = 5:1 K:Mg = 2:1

Question 57

Define downer cow

Answer 57

Cow that remains in sternal recumbency 24 hours after first being found

Question 58

In downer cows, pressure necrosis occurs within _______ hours

Answer 58

5 - 6 hours

Question 59

Downer cows can occur as the result of difficult parturition and nerve damage of these nerves

Answer 59

Obturator nerve (most common) Sciatic nerve

Question 60

T/F: Downer cows are BAR with normal temperature, respiration, and CV signs

Answer 60

True

Question 61

T/F: Calcium levels are NORMAL in downer cows

Answer 61

true

Question 62

The levels of these 2 substances is increased in downer cows due to muscle damage

Answer 62

AST, CPK

Question 63

How is diagnosis made in downer cow syndrome?

Answer 63

By ruling out other diseases!

Question 64

Always do a ________ exam on a downer cow

Answer 64

rectal

Question 65

A continual rise in these 2 values signifies a poor prognosis for downer cows

Answer 65

CPK, BUN

Question 66

Prevention of _________ is very important in preventing downer cow syndrome

Answer 66

hypocalcemia

Question 67

Always examine the ________ of a downer cow, to rule out coliform mastitis

Answer 67

udders