Small Ruminant Viral Diseases and Miscellaneous Conditions

Question 1

The etiology of Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE)

Answer 1

Lentivirus

Question 2

What are the 2 syndroms that can be caused by

Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE)?

Answer 2

Leukoencephalomyelitis

or

Chronic Arthritis

Question 3

Which of the 2 syndromes associated with

Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE) is most common?

Answer 3

Chronic Arthritis

Question 4

Which syndrome associated with Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE)

are young animals less than 1 year old more likely to get?

Answer 4

Leukoencephalomyelitis

Question 5

Which syndrome associated with Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE)

are animals over 6 months old more likely to get?

Answer 5

Chronic arthritis

Question 6

T/F:

Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE) is spread via direct contact

Answer 6

FALSE

Question 7

How is Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE) spread?

Answer 7

Spread to kids ingesting infected colostrum at birth

Question 8

T/F:

A goat that grazes on its knees most likely has footrot

Answer 8

FALSE!

A SHEEP grazing on its knees most likely has footrot.

A GOAT most likely has CAE

Question 9

A 2 year old goat presents with hard udder and

slowly progressive pain and swelling of its carpus joints.

What is your primary ddx?

Answer 9

Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE)

Question 10

A 3 month old goat presents with tetraparesis,

but is eating and drinking normally and is BAR.

What is your primary ddx?

Answer 10

Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE)

Question 11

What is the preferred diagnostic test used to identify

Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE)?

Answer 11

ELISA

Question 12

How is Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE) treated?

Answer 12

IT IS NOT TREATED!

You must CULL affected animals

Question 13

What is the etiology of Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP)?

Answer 13

retrovirus

Question 14

How is Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP) transmitted?

Answer 14

Primary transmission: in milk

Secondary transmission: through nasal secretions and saliva

Question 15

How long is the incubation period for Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP)?

Answer 15

2 years!

Question 16

Firm udder enlargement in sheep is known as

Answer 16

Hard bag

Question 17

Hard bag in sheep is caused by this condition

Answer 17

Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP)

Question 18

How is Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP) diagnosed?

Answer 18

ELISA

Question 19

What is the etiology of Contagious Ecthyma (Scabby mouth, Orf)?

Answer 19

Parapox virus

Question 20

Contagious Ecthyma (Scabby mouth, Orf) is

enzootic in lambs and kids _______ months of age,

while older sheep have some immunity

Answer 20

3 - 6 months

Question 21

You see a young animal with the lesions pictured.

Should you be concerned that you’ll catch it?

Answer 21

YES! Contagious Ecthyma (Scabby mouth, Orf)

is ZOONOTIC (but self-limiting) in humans

Question 22

Even though Contagious Ecthyma (Scabby mouth, Orf) is most

common in animals 2 - 3 months old,

ewes can present with these lesions on their ________

Answer 22

udders

(from lambs nursing)

Question 23

How is Contagious Ecthyma (Scabby mouth, Orf) treated?

Answer 23

Symptomatically, no real tx.

Question 24

How is Contagious Ecthyma (Scabby mouth, Orf) prevented?

Answer 24

Via live vaccine painted onto a scarified area of skin

Question 25

What is the etiology of Scrapie?

Answer 25

prions

Question 26

This reportable chronic wasting neurological disease in sheep is classified as transmissible spongiform encephalopathy and is caused by prions

Answer 26

SCRAPIE

Question 27

This breed of sheep is genetically susceptible to Scrapie

Answer 27

Suffolk sheep

Question 28

What is the incubation period of Scrapie?

Answer 28

2-5 years

Question 29

What clinical sign is seen earliest in the disease course of Scrapie in sheep?

Answer 29

PRURITIS (and see sloughed off wool from rubbing against things)

Question 30

This sheep has been rubbing against things and its wool is sloughed off. What is your primary ddx?

Answer 30

SCRAPIE!

Question 31

A sheep presents with grinding of teeth, darting tongue movements, and incoordination, specifically bunny hopping its back feet and swayback of its back feet. It front legs have a hypermetric gait. Sometimes you see head and neck tremors. What is your primary ddx?

Answer 31

SCRAPIE- transmissible spongiform encephalopathy prion disease

Question 32

How is Scrapie diagnosed?

Answer 32

By using third-eyelid lymphoid tissue biopsy and PrPSc assay immunohistochemistry

Question 33

How is Scrapie treated?

Answer 33

NO TX!

Question 34

How long can sheep survive after the onset/diagnosis of Scrapie?

Answer 34

1 - 6 months

Question 35

How is Scrapie controlled?

Answer 35

By identifying and culling infected sheep and their entire herd!!

Question 36

What is the etiology of Johne's Disease (Paratuberculosis)?

Answer 36

*Mycobacterium paratuberculosis*

Question 37

How is Johne's Disease (Paratuberculosis) transmitted?

Answer 37

In **feces** of infected animals that contaminates feed and water

Question 38

T/F: In utero transmission of Johne's Disease (Paratuberculosis) can occur

Answer 38

TRUE! But it is rare

Question 39

T/F: In sheep and goats, the major clinical sign of Johne's Disease (Paratuberculosis) is profuse diarrhea

Answer 39

FALSE!!! In **COWS** it is diarrhea, in sheep and goats- soft feces, NOT diarrhea!

Question 40

What are the main clinical signs you see in sheep and goats infected with Johne's Disease (Paratuberculosis)?

Answer 40

Emaciation, weakness, chronic weight loss

Question 41

What age group of sheep and goats are usually affected by Johne's Disease (Paratuberculosis)?

Answer 41

MATURE animals

Question 42

What is the gold standard for diagnosis of Johne's Disease (Paratuberculosis)?

Answer 42

FECAL CULTURE (but can take up to 16 weeks for results!)

Question 43

What do you expect to see on histopath of an animal with Johne's Disease (Paratuberculosis)?

Answer 43

ACID-FAST organisms

Question 44

New evidence suggests that Johne's Disease (Paratuberculosis) is related to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Disease in humans

Answer 44

Crong's Disease

Question 45

How is Johne's Disease (Paratuberculosis) treated?

Answer 45

NO TX! Must TEST AND CULL!

Question 46

Is Johne's Disease (Paratuberculosis) reportable?

Answer 46

YES!

Question 47

What is the etiology of Listeriosis?

Answer 47

*Listeria monocytogenes*

Question 48

What are risk factors in sheep and goats for Listeriosis?

Answer 48

Cold, wet weather Immunosuppression Feeding on **silage or spoiled feed**

Question 49

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is seen *early* in the disease course of Listeriosis, but tends to go away

Answer 49

Fever

Question 50

In the **winter**, a few animals in a flock of sheep present with **circling**, head pressing, and otitis. Others are seen **recumbent**. A few pregnant ewes have **aborted**. You notice an old silo with damp green **silage** being used for feed. What is your primary ddx and what could be the cause?

Answer 50

Listeriosis due to SPOILED FEED and cold, wet weather

Question 51

How is Listeriosis diagnosed?

Answer 51

Tentative diagnosis based on ## Footnote **CSF tap with increased monocytes and protein**

Question 52

How is Listeriosis treated?

Answer 52

ABx, but rarely works and animals usually die.

Question 53

How is Listeriosis controlled and prevented?

Answer 53

Avoidance of feeding silage. Rejecting silage with a pH \> **5**

Question 54

Thin Ewe/Doe Syndrome typically affects _______ animals

Answer 54

ADULT

Question 55

Thin Ewe/Doe Syndrome affects ________ animals in the herd. If ALL animals are thin, consider ________ or ________ disease

Answer 55

Thin Ewe/Doe Syndrome affects **_1 -2_** animals in the herd. If ALL animals are thin, consider **_parasitic_** or **_nutritional_** disease

Question 56

What is "late cut" hay?

Answer 56

Hay cut once the plant is mature- increased fiber but less nutrients

Question 57

What is "weathered hay"?

Answer 57

Hay that has been cut and then rained on- brown and loses nutrients

Question 58

What are the 2 major causes of Thin Ewe/Doe Syndrome?

Answer 58

Inadequate nutrition (late cut or weathered hay) Diseases (LAMENESS- Foot rot, CAE)

Question 59

Urolithiasis is usually only a clinical disease in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ sheep and goats

Answer 59

MALE ## Footnote *(females have wider urethras and can pass stones)*

Question 60

What are the risk factors for Urolithiasis?

Answer 60

**Male** animals **Castrated** animals Decreased **water** availability Inadequate **salt** intake Feeding high **grain** rations

Question 61

Why is feeding high grain rations a risk factor for Urolithiasis?

Answer 61

Grain has HIGH phosphorus and LOW calcium

Question 62

A few male castrated goats present with anorexia, depression, tenesmus, and is dribbling urine. You notice the goats are being fed a lot of grain. What is your primary ddx?

Answer 62

Urolithiasis

Question 63

How is Urolithiasis diagnosed?

Answer 63

Exam of the urethral process (usual site of blockage because it is the narrowest part)

Question 64

If there is an outbreak of Urolithiasis in a sheep lot, how do you treat it?

Answer 64

Add CALCIUM to the feed ratio

Question 65

If Urolithiasis is in the sigmoid flexure, how do you treat?

Answer 65

Abdominal sx and perineal **urethrostomy**

Question 66

If Urolithiasis is in the urethral process, how do you treat?

Answer 66

Snip off the urethral process

Question 67

How is Urolithiasis PREVENTED?

Answer 67

Adequate access to water and salt Adding **Ammonium Chloride** to the ration Maintain Ca/P ratio at **2:1** **Avoid** feeding high levels of **magnesium**

Question 68

What minerals are uroliths made of?

Answer 68

Phosphorus and Magnesium