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Neuropsychology 343 > Final - Exam (9/13,9/15) - [Exam 1 - Section 2] > Flashcards

Final - Exam (9/13,9/15) - [Exam 1 - Section 2] Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

-Action Potentials -

Recovery:
Ions drift away and are pumped away by Na+ K+ pump
- ___ Na+ out / ___ K+ in

A
  • 3

- 2

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2
Q

-Action Potentials-

Recovery:
Ions drift away and are pumped away by Na+ K+ pump
- 3 ___ out / 2 ___ in

A
  • Na+

- K+

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3
Q

-Action Potentials-

Once an action potential is produced it is always the same _________ (all-or-none law)

A

size

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4
Q

-Action Potentials-

As action potential travels down the neuron it stays the same size – can be _________ over long distances

A

conducted

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5
Q

888888888888
-Action Potentials-

Refractory periods:

_________ – Na+ channels are open or cannot re-open so neuron cannot fire
Limits how frequently the neuron can fire

A

Absolute

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6
Q

888888888888
-Action Potentials-

Refractory periods:

Absolute – Na+ channels are open or cannot re-open so neuron _________ fire
Limits how _________ the neuron can fire

A
  • cannot

- frequently

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7
Q

888888888888
-Action Potentials-

Refractory periods:

_________ – only a strong stimulus can make the neuron fire because NA+ channels are re-setting and neuron is hyperpolarized

A

Relative

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8
Q

888888888888
-Action Potentials-

Refractory periods:

Relative – only a strong stimulus can make the neuron fire because ____ channels are re-setting and neuron is _________

A
  • NA+

- hyperpolarized

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9
Q

-Saltatory Conduction -

Glial cells produce _________ which wrap around axons

A

myelin sheaths

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10
Q

-Saltatory Conduction-

Ion gates at intervals (1 mm) down the length of the axon - _________

A

NODES OF RANVIER

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11
Q

-Saltatory Conduction-

The speed at which the action potential travels down a myelinated neuron is _________ than unmyelinated neurons because the action potential jumps from _________ – SALTATORY conduction

A
  • faster

- node to node

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12
Q

The speed at which the action potential travels down a myelinated neuron is faster than unmyelinated neurons because the action potential jumps from node to node – _________

A

SALTATORY conduction

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13
Q

Deterioration of the myelin sheath - _________

A

multiple sclerosis

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14
Q

888888888888
-Toxins and Anesthetics -

Various toxins block the Na+ K+ pump or the ion channels preventing neurons from firing
-Puffer (fugu) fish toxin blocks ___ channels
Tetrodotoxin (TTX)

A

-Na+

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15
Q

888888888888
-Toxins and Anesthetics-

Scorpion venom keeps ___ channels open and closes ___ channels
-Prolonged depolarization

A
  • Na+

- K+

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16
Q

888888888888
-Toxins and Anesthetics-

Various toxins block the Na+ K+ _________ or the ion channels preventing neurons from firing
-Poison arrow frogs produce Na+ channel blocker that keeps Na+ channels _________

A
  • pump

- open

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17
Q

888888888888
-Toxins and Anesthetics-

Local anesthetics block _________ channels
-blocks action potentials so no _________ messages reach the brain

A
  • sodium

- pain

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18
Q

888888888888
-Toxins and Anesthetics-

General anesthetics act by opening _________ channels

A

Potassium (K+)

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19
Q

888888888888
-Toxins and Anesthetics-

Mutations in ion channels (_________ ) associated with seizure disorders, deafness, muscle and cardiac diseases

A

channelopathy

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20
Q

888888888888
-Toxins and Anesthetics-

Mutations in ion channels (channelopathy) associated with seizure disorders, _________, muscle and _________ diseases

A
  • deafness

- cardiac

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21
Q

There is a small gap (less than a millionth of an inch) between the terminal branches of the neuronal axon and the dendrites of the next neuron - _________

A

SYNAPTIC CLEFT

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22
Q

There is a small gap (less than a millionth of an inch) between the _________ of the neuronal axon and the _________ of the next neuron - SYNAPTIC CLEFT

A
  • terminal branches

- dendrites

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23
Q

The neuron that sends the signal is called the _________ neuron

A

presynaptic

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24
Q

The neuron receiving the signal is called the _________ neuron

A

postsynaptic

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25
An action potential in a neuron causes release of chemicals called _________ from the axon terminals into the synaptic cleft -exocytosis
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
26
An action potential in a neuron causes release of chemicals called NEUROTRANSMITTERS from the axon terminals into the synaptic cleft - _________
exocytosis
27
Neurotransmitters are formed in the cell body or axon terminals and packaged in _________
vesicles
28
Neurotransmitters are formed in the _________ or axon terminals and packaged in vesicles
cell body
29
NEUROTRANSMITTERS bind to _________ on the dendrites of the next neuron
RECEPTORS
30
NEUROTRANSMITTERS bind to RECEPTORS on the _________ of the next neuron
dendrites
31
Receptors are proteins that are embedded in the _________ membrane
postsynaptic
32
Receptors are _________ that are embedded in the postsynaptic _________
- proteins | - membrane
33
There are Many different types of receptors | A neurotransmitter can only _________ to its own _________ like a key in a lock
- bind | - receptor
34
Binding of the neurotransmitter to its receptor causes _________ or inhibition of the postsynaptic neuron
-excitation
35
Binding of the neurotransmitter to its receptor causes excitation or inhibition of the _________ neuron
postsynaptic
36
Neurotransmitter effects must be _________
terminated
37
Neurotransmitter effects must be terminated: Neurotransmitter is taken back into _________ terminals (reuptake) and repackaged into _________ (pinocytosis)
- presynaptic | - vesicles
38
Neurotransmitter effects must be terminated: Neurotransmitter is taken back into presynaptic terminals (_________) and repackaged into vesicles (_________)
- reuptake | - pinocytosis
39
Neurotransmitter effects must be terminated: -Neurotransmitter is taken back into presynaptic terminals (reuptake) and repackaged into vesicles (pinocytosis) - -Broken down chemically in the _________ and then reabsorbed - -Absorbed by _________ cells
- synaptic cleft | - glial
40
Neurotransmitter effects must be terminated: -Neurotransmitter is taken back into presynaptic terminals (reuptake) and repackaged into vesicles (pinocytosis) - -Broken down _________ in the synaptic cleft and then reabsorbed - - _________ by glial cells
- chemically | - Absorbed
41
- _________ refractory period: can produce another action potential with additional stimulus
Relative
42
-Relative refractory period: _________ produce another action potential with additional _________
- can | - stimulus
43
-Absolute refractory period: _________ produce another action potential until it has made it past this _________
- can not | - stage
44
-Absolute refractory period: _________ produce another action potential until it has made it past this _________
- can not | - stage
45
888888888888 -Types of Neurotransmitters- Originally thought that there were very few neurotransmitters but now thought to be more than _________
100
46
888888888888 -Types of Neurotransmitters- - Many different types of _________ - Neurons can release more than one _________
- receptors | - neurotransmitter
47
888888888888 -Types of Neurotransmitters- Main types of transmitters _________ (e.g., glutamate, GABA, glycine)
Amino acids
48
888888888888 -Types of Neurotransmitters- Amino acids: - GABA: _________ - Glutamate: _________
- Inhibitory | - Excitatory
49
888888888888 -Types of Neurotransmitters- Amino acids: - _________ : Inhibitory - _________ : Excitatory
- GABA | - Glutamate
50
-Vegas nerve slows the _________
heart rate
51
_________ channels open causing release of neurotransmitter to be released
Calcium Ion
52
_________ : dilates blood vessel
-nitric oxide
53
-nitric oxide: _________ blood vessel
dilates
54
-cocaine blocks the _________ of neurotransmitter
reuptake
55
-amphetamine _________ neurotransmitters release
increases
56
• Mimicking neurotransmitters - _________
AGONIST
57
• _________ neurotransmitters - AGONIST
Mimicking
58
• Blocking receptors – _________
ANTAGONIST
59
• _________ receptors – ANTAGONIST
Blocking
60
888888888888 -effects of neurotransmitters - Runner’s high is thought to be due to release of a naturally occurring _________ type chemicals in the body – endorphins
-morphine
61
888888888888 -effects of neurotransmitters- Runner’s high is thought to be due to release of a naturally occurring morphine type chemicals in the body – _________
endorphins
62
888888888888 -effects of neurotransmitters- Placebo effect is due to the release of _________
endorphins
63
888888888888 -effects of neurotransmitters- Acetylcholine – _________
Alzheimer’s
64
888888888888 -effects of neurotransmitters- Dopamine – _________
Parkinson’s
65
888888888888 -effects of neurotransmitters- NE and serotonin - _________
depression
66
888888888888 | Drugs and diseases often produce their effects by interfering with specific _________
neurotransmitters
67
``` 888888888888 Botulinum toxin (BOTOX) inhibits the release of _________ from neurons that innervate muscles ```
acetylcholine
68
``` 888888888888 _________ toxin (BOTOX) inhibits the release of acetylcholine from neurons that innervate _________ ```
- Botulinum | - muscles
69
888888888888 In large doses botulinum toxin paralyzes _________ causing problems with breathing and death --Used to treat _________ In small doses: --Used to decrease wrinkles Migraine headaches
- muscles | - spasticity
70
888888888888 In large doses botulinum toxin paralyzes muscles causing problems with _________ and death --Used to treat spasticity In small doses: --Used to decrease _________ Migraine headaches
- breathing | - wrinkles
71
888888888888 Albert Hoffman (1943) – Sandoz Pharmaceuticals -- _________ growing on grain --Discovered a substance that causes _________ disturbances
- Fungus | - visual
72
Drugs can alter neurotransmission by: - Increasing or decreasing the amount of _________ released - Blocking the re-uptake of neurotransmitter into the presynaptic neuron - Mimicking neurotransmitters - _________ - Blocking receptors – ANTAGONIST
- neurotransmitter | - AGONIST
73
Drugs can alter neurotransmission by: - Increasing or decreasing the amount of neurotransmitter released - _________ the re-uptake of neurotransmitter into the presynaptic neuron - Mimicking neurotransmitters - AGONIST - Blocking receptors – _________
- Blocking | - ANTAGONIST

Neuropsychology 343 (20 decks)

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