Exam 1 - Section 1 Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
_________ – the study of the nervous system
A
Neuroscience
2
Q
_________ - the study of the relationship between behavior and brain function
A
Neuropsychology
3
Q
Neuropsychology -
- The study of _________ human behavior (emotion, cognition etc.) based on the function of the _________
- Assessment of changes in _________ and neural function due to disease or traumatic brain injury
- Involves physiology, biopsychology, anatomy, biochemistry, pharmacology etc
A
- normal
- brain
- behavior
4
Q
Neuropsychology -
- The study of normal human behavior (emotion, cognition etc.) based on the function of the brain
- Assessment of changes in behavior and _________ function due to disease or _________ brain injury
- Involves physiology, _________, anatomy, _________, pharmacology etc
A
- neural
- traumatic
- biopsychology
- biochemistry
5
Q
Estimated number of traumatic brain injury per year in the US – _________
A
1.7 million
6
Q
Number of Alzheimer’s patients = _________
Number of Alzheimer’s patients is expected to double by _________
A
- 5.3 million
- 2050
7
Q
Cost of serious mental illness estimated at _________ billion per year in the US in 2002
A
$317.6
8
Q
All psychological processes are based on _________ processes, many of which occur in the _________
A
- biological
- brain
9
Q
_________ is a description of the things the brain does
mind = brain _________
A
- Mind
- activity
10
Q
All _________ processes are based on brain activity
A
psychological
11
Q
_________ is the basic unit of the brain
A
Neuron
12
Q
Damage to one brain _________ may affect one aspect of a _________
A
- region
- behavior
13
Q
Example of distributed _________ organization of function – the case of HM
Treatment for epilepsy – bilateral surgical removal of medial aspects of _________ lobe Surgery caused specific memory problems – could not form new memories
Old memories were retained
A
- hierarchical
- temporal
14
Q
-Distributed hierarchical organization of function-
If unique aspects of a behavior reside in different areas of the brain, why don’t we perceive the different aspects of the behavior? _________ problem
A
Binding
15
Q
_________ -
Multiple brain regions involved in forming
and interpreting images but we perceive a _________ image
A
- Vision
- single
16
Q
Vision:
-Conscious and unconscious _________ streams
–Damage to conscious stream
(ventral stream) – cannot see or _________ an object
–No damage to unconscious stream
(dorsal) stream – can reach for an object but
cannot see it
A
- neural
- recognize
17
Q
Vision:
-Conscious and unconscious _________ streams
–Damage to conscious stream
(_________ stream) – cannot see or recognize an object
–No damage to unconscious stream
(_________) stream – can reach for an object but
cannot see it
A
- ventral
- dorsal
18
Q
-hemispheric lateralization-
Differences in importance of right and left cortical _________ in different _________
Left – speech
Right – spatial skills
A
- hemispheres
- functions
19
Q
-hemispheric lateralization-
Differences in importance of right and left cortical hemispheres in different functions
Left – _________
Right – _________ skills
A
- speech
- spatial
20
Q
Evolutionary newer (“higher”) brain regions responsible for more complex aspects of a behavior (_________ and _________ lobes)
A
- cortex
- frontal
21
Q
the case of HM:
Surgery caused specific memory problems – could not form new memories ( _________ amnesia )
A
anterograde
22
Q
What is a neuron?
- Dendrites,
- _________,
- axon,
- _________
A
- cell body
- axon terminals
23
Q
What is a neuron?
- _________
- cell body
- _________
- axon terminals
A
- Dendrites
- axon
24
Q
Neural signals:
The cell membrane
– _________ to movement of ions
A
Permeability
25
Neural signals:
_________ -
- Depolarization
- Hyperpolarization
- Repolarization
Action potentials
26
Neural signals:
Action potentials-
- _________
- Hyperpolarization
- _________
- Depolarization
| - Repolarization
27
-Neurons and Neural Transmission -
Premise - All _________ processes are due to biological processes, particularly the biological processes in the _________ system and the brain
- psychological
| - nervous
28
-Neurons and Neural Transmission-
The building blocks of the nervous system –_________
NEURONS
29
-Neurons and Neural Transmission-
The brain has been estimated to consist of _________ billion neurons
85 - 120
30
-Neurons and Neural Transmission-
Neurons = ___% of the brain’s cells, _________ cells 2 – 10 times the number of neurons
- 10
| - glial
31
-Neurons and Neural Transmission-
Neurons receive, _________, and pass on _________ in the brain
- integrate
| - information
32
-Neurons -
Signals travel from the _________ to the terminal branches of the _________
- dendrites
| - axon
33
-Neurons-
- Signals are called _________ and consist of a brief change in the electrical _________ of the neuron
- Travel at 2 – 200 miles/h
- ACTION POTENTIALS
| - polarization
34
-Neurons-
- Signals are called ACTION POTENTIALS and consist of a brief change in the electrical polarization of the neuron
- Travel at _________ miles/h
2 – 200
35
-Neurons-
_________ - bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct them toward the _________
--The greater the surface area of dendrites the more information they can receive – dendritic spines increase surface area
- DENDRITES
| - cell body
36
-Neurons-
DENDRITES - bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct them toward the cell body
--The greater the _________ of dendrites the more information they can receive
– _________ increase surface area
- surface area
| - dendritic spines
37
-Neurons-
```
CELL BODY (_________) – contains the nucleus with _________
--Conducts metabolic processes to support the survival of the neuron (energy, waste removal etc)
```
- Soma
| - DNA
38
-Neurons-
```
CELL BODY (Soma) – contains the nucleus with DNA
--Conducts _________ processes to support the survival of the neuron (energy, _________ removal etc)
```
- metabolic
| - waste
39
-Neurons-
_________ - extension of the neuron through which signals are passed – can be very long or very short
- _________ (start of axon)
- Axon terminals (teleodendria)
- AXON
| - Axon hillock
40
-Neurons-
_________ – glial cells filled with fatty tissue (myelin) that surround the axons of many neurons allowing signals to be rapidly passed down the axon
- _________ - gaps in myelin sheath through which action potentials are transmitted
- MYELIN SHEATH
| - NODES of RANVIER
41
-Neurons-
MYELIN SHEATH – glial cells filled with _________ (myelin) that surround the axons of many _________ allowing signals to be rapidly passed down the axon
-NODES of RANVIER - gaps in myelin sheath through which action potentials are transmitted
- fatty tissue
| - neurons
42
-Neurons-
MYELIN SHEATH – glial cells filled with fatty tissue (myelin) that surround the axons of many neurons allowing signals to be rapidly passed down the axon
-NODES of RANVIER - gaps in _________ through which action potentials are _________
- myelin sheath
| - transmitted
43
3 main types of neurons :
- _________
- Interneurons
- _________
- Sensory neurons
| - Motor neurons
44
3 main types of neurons :
- Sensory neurons
- _________
- Motor neurons
Interneurons
45
_________ – specialized at one end – very sensitive to stimulation (touch, light, sound)
- -information from body (sensory receptors) to brain and spinal cord
- - _________ – brings information into a structure (A = admission)
- Sensory neurons
| - Afferent
46
Sensory neurons – specialized at one end – very sensitive to _________ (touch, light, sound)
- -information from _________ (sensory receptors) to brain and spinal cord
- -Afferent – brings information into a structure (A = admission)
- stimulation
| - body
47
Sensory neurons – specialized at one end – very sensitive to stimulation (touch, light, sound)
- -information from body (sensory receptors) to brain and _________
- - _________ – brings information into a structure (A = admission)
- spinal cord
| - Afferent
48
-- Afferent – brings information _________ a structure (A = _________ )
- into
| - admission
49
_________ – dendrites and axons within same structure
| --carry _________ from one neuron to another neuron within the brain or spinal cord
- Interneurons
| - messages
50
Interneurons – dendrites and _________ within same structure
--carry messages from one _________ to another _________ within the brain or spinal cord
- axons
- neuron
- neuron
51
_________ :
- output from brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs
- _________ – carries information away from a structure (E = exit)
- Motor neurons
| - Efferent
52
Motor neurons:
- output from brain and spinal cord to _________ and organs
- Efferent – carries information _________ from a structure (E = exit)
- muscles
| - away
53
-Efferent – carries information away from a structure (E = _________)
exit
54
-Neural Signals -
The neuronal _________ controls the passage of substances into and out of _________
- cell membrane
| - neurons
55
-Neural Signals-
Cell membrane is selectively _________
Restricts what passes through
permeable
56
-Neural Signals-
Cell membrane is a double layer of _________ molecules + _________ molecules
- lipid
| - protein
57
-Neural Signals-
Heads of lipid molecules are _________ – water loving
hydrophilic
58
-Neural Signals-
Heads of lipid molecules are hydrophilic – water _________
loving
59
-Neural Signals-
Tails of lipid molecules are _________ – water aversion
hydrophobic
60
-Neural Signals-
Tails of lipid molecules are hydrophobic – water _________
aversion
61
-Neural Signals-
Neuron cell membrane is selectively permeable
-Movement of electrically charged atoms or molecules called _________ in and out of the neuron can be _________ controlled
- IONS
| - strictly
62
-Neural Signals-
_________ = atom or molecule that has gained or lost electrons
Ion
63
-Neural Signals-
Ion = atom or molecule that has gained or lost _________
electrons
64
-Neural Signals-
Selective _________ to ions = differences in the distribution of ions between the inside and the outside of the _________
- permeability
| - neuron
65
-Neural Signals-
Selective permeability to ions = differences in the _________ of ions between the inside and the _________ of the neuron
- distribution
| - outside
66
-Neural Signals-
When the neuron is _________ (resting) the ions on the outside are mainly sodium (_________) and chloride (Cl-, negative)
- inactive
| - Na+, positive
67
-Neural Signals-
When the neuron is inactive (resting) the ions on the outside are mainly _________ (Na+, positive) and _________ (Cl-, negative)
- sodium
| - chloride
68
-Neural Signals-
When the neuron is inactive (resting) the ions on the on _________ are potassium (K+) and negative ions (_________)
- inside
| - anions
69
-Neural Signals-
When the neuron is inactive (resting) the ions on the on inside are _________ (K+) and _________ ions (anions)
- potassium
| - negative
70
-Neural Signals-
More _________ ions on the inside of the neuron and more _________ ions on the outside of the neuron
- negative
| - positive
71
-Neural Signals-
More negative ions on the _________ of the neuron and more positive ions on the _________ of the neuron
- inside
| - outside
72
-Neural Signals-
More negative ions on the inside of the neuron and more positive ions on the outside of the neuron
Overall effect is that the _________ of the cell is more negative than the _________ of the cell
- inside
| - outside
73
-Neural Signals-
Difference in electrical charge across membrane - the neuron is _________
POLARIZED
74
-Neural Signals-
Difference in charge between inside and outside the neuron – voltage = _________
RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
75
-Neural Signals-
Typical resting potential is ___ mV
-70
76
-Action Potentials -
More _________ outside cell, inside cell more negative
Na+
77
-Action Potentials-
Concentration and electrical gradient for Na+ to move into cell but movement is _________
blocked
78
-Action Potentials-
More ____ inside cell but inside negative
K+
79
-Action Potentials-
K+ wants to move out of the neuron along concentration gradient but _________ gradient keeps it in – net effect weak tendency to move _________ of neuron
- electrical
| - out
80
-Action Potentials-
When neuron is stimulated through input on _________
- Membrane potential becomes _________ negative (e.g., - 55 mV)
- Once threshold potential reached - Na+ channels open and Na+ rushes into the neuron
- -Depolarization
- dendrites
| - less
81
-Action Potentials-
When neuron is stimulated through input on dendrites
- Membrane potential becomes less negative (e.g., ___ mV)
- Once threshold potential reached - Na+ _________ open and Na+ rushes into the neuron
- -Depolarization
- -55
| - channels
82
-Action Potentials-
When neuron is stimulated through input on dendrites
- Membrane potential becomes less negative (e.g., - 55 mV)
- Once threshold potential reached - Na+ channels open and Na+ rushes _________ the neuron
- - _________
- into
| - Depolarization
83
-Action Potentials-
At peak of _________ (i.e., +40 mV)
- Na+ channels close, voltage gated K+ channels open
- K+ floods _________ of neuron so membrane potential becomes more negative
- -Repolarization
- depolarization
| - out
84
-Action Potentials-
At peak of depolarization (i.e., ___ mV)
- Na+ channels _________, voltage gated K+ channels open
- K+ floods out of neuron so membrane potential becomes more negative
- -Repolarization
- +40
| - close
85
-Action Potentials-
At peak of depolarization (i.e., +40 mV)
- Na+ channels close, voltage gated ___ channels open
- K+ floods out of neuron so membrane potential becomes more _________
- -Repolarization
- K+
| - negative
86
-Action Potentials-
At peak of depolarization (i.e., +40 mV)
- ____ channels close, voltage gated K+ channels open
- K+ floods out of neuron so membrane potential becomes more negative
- - _________
- Na+
| - Repolarization
87
Difference in charge between _________ and _________ the neuron – _________ = RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
- inside
- outside
- voltage
88
Difference in electrical charge across _________ - the neuron is POLARIZED
membrane
