Flashcards in Final Exam - (9/6/16, 9/8/16) Deck (74):
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_________ – the study of the nervous system
Neuroscience
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_________ - the study of the relationship between behavior and brain function
Neuropsychology
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Neuropsychology -
-The study of _________ human behavior (emotion, cognition etc.) based on the function of the _________
-Assessment of changes in _________ and neural function due to disease or traumatic brain injury
-Involves physiology, biopsychology, anatomy, biochemistry, pharmacology etc
-normal
-brain
-behavior
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Neuropsychology -
-The study of normal human behavior (emotion, cognition etc.) based on the function of the brain
-Assessment of changes in behavior and _________ function due to disease or _________ brain injury
-Involves physiology, _________, anatomy, _________, pharmacology etc
-neural
-traumatic
-biopsychology
-biochemistry
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All psychological processes are based on _________ processes, many of which occur in the _________
-biological
-brain
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_________ is a description of the things the brain does
mind = brain _________
-Mind
-activity
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Damage to one brain _________ may affect one aspect of a _________
-region
-behavior
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Example of distributed _________ organization of function – the case of HM
Treatment for epilepsy – bilateral surgical removal of medial aspects of _________ lobe Surgery caused specific memory problems – could not form new memories
Old memories were retained
-hierarchical
-temporal
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-Distributed hierarchical organization of function-
If unique aspects of a behavior reside in different areas of the brain, why don’t we perceive the different aspects of the behavior? _________ problem
Binding
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_________ -
Multiple brain regions involved in forming
and interpreting images but we perceive a _________ image
-Vision
-single
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Vision:
-Conscious and unconscious _________ streams
--Damage to conscious stream
(ventral stream) – cannot see or _________ an object
--No damage to unconscious stream
(dorsal) stream – can reach for an object but
cannot see it
-neural
-recognize
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Vision:
-Conscious and unconscious _________ streams
--Damage to conscious stream
(_________ stream) – cannot see or recognize an object
--No damage to unconscious stream
(_________) stream – can reach for an object but
cannot see it
-ventral
-dorsal
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-Neurons and Neural Transmission -
Premise - All _________ processes are due to biological processes, particularly the biological processes in the _________ system and the brain
-psychological
-nervous
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-Neurons and Neural Transmission-
The building blocks of the nervous system –_________
NEURONS
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-Neurons and Neural Transmission-
The brain has been estimated to consist of _________ billion neurons
85 - 120
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-Neurons and Neural Transmission-
Neurons = ___% of the brain’s cells, _________ cells 2 – 10 times the number of neurons
-10
-glial
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-Neurons and Neural Transmission-
Neurons receive, _________, and pass on _________ in the brain
-integrate
-information
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-Neurons -
Signals travel from the _________ to the terminal branches of the _________
-dendrites
-axon
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-Neurons-
-Signals are called _________ and consist of a brief change in the electrical _________ of the neuron
-Travel at 2 – 200 miles/h
-ACTION POTENTIALS
-polarization
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-Neurons-
-Signals are called ACTION POTENTIALS and consist of a brief change in the electrical polarization of the neuron
-Travel at _________ miles/h
2 – 200
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-Neurons-
_________ - bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct them toward the _________
--The greater the surface area of dendrites the more information they can receive – dendritic spines increase surface area
-DENDRITES
-cell body
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-Neurons-
DENDRITES - bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct them toward the cell body
--The greater the _________ of dendrites the more information they can receive
– _________ increase surface area
-surface area
-dendritic spines
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-Neurons-
CELL BODY (_________) – contains the nucleus with _________
--Conducts metabolic processes to support the survival of the neuron (energy, waste removal etc)
-Soma
-DNA
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-Neurons-
CELL BODY (Soma) – contains the nucleus with DNA
--Conducts _________ processes to support the survival of the neuron (energy, _________ removal etc)
-metabolic
-waste
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-Neurons-
_________ - extension of the neuron through which signals are passed – can be very long or very short
- _________ (start of axon)
-Axon terminals (teleodendria)
-AXON
-Axon hillock
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-Neurons-
_________ – glial cells filled with fatty tissue (myelin) that surround the axons of many neurons allowing signals to be rapidly passed down the axon
- _________ - gaps in myelin sheath through which action potentials are transmitted
MYELIN SHEATH
-NODES of RANVIER
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-Neurons-
MYELIN SHEATH – glial cells filled with _________ (myelin) that surround the axons of many _________ allowing signals to be rapidly passed down the axon
-NODES of RANVIER - gaps in myelin sheath through which action potentials are transmitted
-fatty tissue
-neurons
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-Neurons-
MYELIN SHEATH – glial cells filled with fatty tissue (myelin) that surround the axons of many neurons allowing signals to be rapidly passed down the axon
-NODES of RANVIER - gaps in _________ through which action potentials are _________
-myelin sheath
-transmitted
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3 main types of neurons :
- _________
-Interneurons
- _________
-Sensory neurons
-Motor neurons
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3 main types of neurons :
-Sensory neurons
- _________
-Motor neurons
Interneurons
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_________ – specialized at one end – very sensitive to stimulation (touch, light, sound)
--information from body (sensory receptors) to brain and spinal cord
-- _________ – brings information into a structure (A = admission)
-Sensory neurons
-Afferent
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Sensory neurons – specialized at one end – very sensitive to _________ (touch, light, sound)
--information from _________ (sensory receptors) to brain and spinal cord
--Afferent – brings information into a structure (A = admission)
-stimulation
-body
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Sensory neurons – specialized at one end – very sensitive to stimulation (touch, light, sound)
--information from body (sensory receptors) to brain and _________
-- _________ – brings information into a structure (A = admission)
-spinal cord
-Afferent
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-- Afferent – brings information _________ a structure (A = _________ )
-into
-admission
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_________ – dendrites and axons within same structure
--carry _________ from one neuron to another neuron within the brain or spinal cord
-Interneurons
-messages
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Interneurons – dendrites and _________ within same structure
--carry messages from one _________ to another _________ within the brain or spinal cord
-axons
-neuron
-neuron
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_________ :
-output from brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs
- _________ – carries information away from a structure (E = exit)
-Motor neurons
-Efferent
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Motor neurons:
-output from brain and spinal cord to _________ and organs
-Efferent – carries information _________ from a structure (E = exit)
-muscles
-away
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-Efferent – carries information away from a structure (E = _________)
exit
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-Neural Signals -
The neuronal _________ controls the passage of substances into and out of _________
-cell membrane
-neurons
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-Neural Signals-
Cell membrane is selectively _________
Restricts what passes through
permeable
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-Neural Signals-
Cell membrane is a double layer of _________ molecules + _________ molecules
-lipid
-protein
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-Neural Signals-
Heads of lipid molecules are _________ – water loving
hydrophilic
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-Neural Signals-
Heads of lipid molecules are hydrophilic – water _________
loving
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-Neural Signals-
Tails of lipid molecules are _________ – water aversion
hydrophobic
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-Neural Signals-
Tails of lipid molecules are hydrophobic – water _________
aversion
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-Neural Signals-
Neuron cell membrane is selectively permeable
-Movement of electrically charged atoms or molecules called _________ in and out of the neuron can be _________ controlled
-IONS
-strictly
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-Neural Signals-
_________ = atom or molecule that has gained or lost electrons
Ion
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-Neural Signals-
Ion = atom or molecule that has gained or lost _________
electrons
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-Neural Signals-
Selective _________ to ions = differences in the distribution of ions between the inside and the outside of the _________
-permeability
-neuron
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-Neural Signals-
Selective permeability to ions = differences in the _________ of ions between the inside and the _________ of the neuron
-distribution
-outside
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-Neural Signals-
When the neuron is _________ (resting) the ions on the outside are mainly sodium (_________) and chloride (Cl-, negative)
-inactive
-Na+, positive
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-Neural Signals-
When the neuron is inactive (resting) the ions on the outside are mainly _________ (Na+, positive) and _________ (Cl-, negative)
-sodium
-chloride
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-Neural Signals-
When the neuron is inactive (resting) the ions on the on _________ are potassium (K+) and negative ions (_________)
-inside
-anions
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-Neural Signals-
When the neuron is inactive (resting) the ions on the on inside are _________ (K+) and _________ ions (anions)
-potassium
-negative
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-Neural Signals-
More _________ ions on the inside of the neuron and more _________ ions on the outside of the neuron
-negative
-positive
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-Neural Signals-
More negative ions on the _________ of the neuron and more positive ions on the _________ of the neuron
-inside
-outside
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-Neural Signals-
More negative ions on the inside of the neuron and more positive ions on the outside of the neuron
Overall effect is that the _________ of the cell is more negative than the _________ of the cell
-inside
-outside
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-Neural Signals-
Difference in electrical charge across membrane - the neuron is _________
POLARIZED
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-Neural Signals-
Difference in charge between inside and outside the neuron – voltage = _________
RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
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-Neural Signals-
Typical resting potential is ___ mV
-70
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-Action Potentials -
More _________ outside cell, inside cell more negative
Na+
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-Action Potentials-
Concentration and electrical gradient for Na+ to move into cell but movement is _________
blocked
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-Action Potentials-
More ____ inside cell but inside negative
K+
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-Action Potentials-
K+ wants to move out of the neuron along concentration gradient but _________ gradient keeps it in – net effect weak tendency to move _________ of neuron
-electrical
-out
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-Action Potentials-
When neuron is stimulated through input on _________
-Membrane potential becomes _________ negative (e.g., - 55 mV)
-Once threshold potential reached - Na+ channels open and Na+ rushes into the neuron
--Depolarization
-dendrites
-less
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-Action Potentials-
When neuron is stimulated through input on dendrites
-Membrane potential becomes less negative (e.g., ___ mV)
-Once threshold potential reached - Na+ _________ open and Na+ rushes into the neuron
--Depolarization
- -55
-channels
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-Action Potentials-
When neuron is stimulated through input on dendrites
-Membrane potential becomes less negative (e.g., - 55 mV)
-Once threshold potential reached - Na+ channels open and Na+ rushes _________ the neuron
-- _________
-into
-Depolarization
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-Action Potentials-
At peak of _________ (i.e., +40 mV)
-Na+ channels close, voltage gated K+ channels open
-K+ floods _________ of neuron so membrane potential becomes more negative
--Repolarization
-depolarization
-out
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-Action Potentials-
At peak of depolarization (i.e., ___ mV)
-Na+ channels _________, voltage gated K+ channels open
-K+ floods out of neuron so membrane potential becomes more negative
--Repolarization
- +40
-close
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-Action Potentials-
At peak of depolarization (i.e., +40 mV)
-Na+ channels close, voltage gated ___ channels open
-K+ floods out of neuron so membrane potential becomes more _________
--Repolarization
- K+
-negative
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-Action Potentials-
At peak of depolarization (i.e., +40 mV)
- ____ channels close, voltage gated K+ channels open
-K+ floods out of neuron so membrane potential becomes more negative
-- _________
- Na+
-Repolarization
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Difference in charge between _________ and _________ the neuron – _________ = RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
-inside
-outside
-voltage
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