Final Review: Study Guide Flashcards
(22 cards)
what is the energy released from ATP used for
metabolic processes
catabolic pathway
reactoin breaks bonds; breaking down large molecules to small ones
anabolic pathway
reaction builds bonds when creating a large molecule from smaller ones
all stages of cell cycle
g1, g0, s, g2, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
what are the components of the spindle apparatus
spindles, centrioles, microtubules
when is apoptosis used
when cells incorrectly replicated and for the growth of the organism
what occurs in prophase 1 that increases genetic variation
crossing over, random fertilization, tetrads
polygenic inheritance
multiple genes decide phenotype
sex-linked trait
a trait in which a gene is located on a sex chromosome
purpose of DNA replication
create a new identical double strand and then serve as a template for a new one
purpose of transcription
to encode a message from DNA into mRNA to leave the nucleus
purpose of translation
encode a message from mRNA into a protein with the help of rRNA and tRNA
anti-codon
3 nucleotides of tRNA
what does the hardy-weinberg equilibrium principle explain
showed mathematically how evolution will not occur in populations unless allele frequencies are changed by natural forces
would darwin agree with neodarwinism
no
outgroup
a group of organisms in a phylogenetic tree that are closely related to the groups being studied, but not part of it
how is an antibiotic effective
kills/slows/suspends growth of bacteria
conjugation
one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact
horizontal gene transfer
non-self DNA is transferred into an organism
neo-Darwinism
modern theory of evolution combined with genetics
multiple alleles
gene has more than two allele options in the population
polygenic traits
controlled by many genes working together
