Final Review: Unit 9

Question 1

autosomes

Answer 1

the first 22 pairs of chromosomes

Question 2

sex chromosomes

Answer 2

last pair of chromosomes

Question 3

genetic disorder

Answer 3

the harmful effects produced by inherited mutations

Question 4

genetic disorders are either (2)

Answer 4

dominant or recessive, autosomal or sex-linked

Question 5

how do autosomal or sex-linked disorders affect men and women

Answer 5

autosomal affects equally, sex-linked is not equal

Question 6

autosomal genetic disorder

Answer 6

disorder affecting autosomes

Question 7

sex-linked disorder

Answer 7

disorder affected sex chromosomes

Question 8

how does one get a dominant genetic disorder

Answer 8

if they have one dominant allele of it

Question 9

how to not get a dominant genetic disorder

Answer 9

being homozygous recessive

Question 10

examples of dominant genetic disorders

Answer 10

huntington’s disease, achondroplasia

Question 11

When are recessive disorders expressed

Answer 11

when the individual is homozygous for it

Question 12

carrier

Answer 12

an individual who is heterozygous for a recessive trait

Question 13

does a carrier express the trait

Answer 13

no

Question 14

exampels of recessive genetic disorders

Answer 14

cystic fibrosis, albinism

Question 15

x-linked recessive traits

Answer 15

traits controleld by genes located on the x chromosome

Question 16

who are affected by x-linked recessive traits more and why

Answer 16

men because they only have one x whereas women have two (one can cancel the other out)

Question 17

examples of sex-linked genetic disorders

Answer 17

color blindness, hemophilia

Question 18

gene therapy/editing

Answer 18

new technique that corrects a defective gene

Question 19

pedigree

Answer 19

a diagram that traces the inheritance of a trait through several genetatoins

Question 20

what do geneticists use pedigrees for

Answer 20

to study familial traits

Question 21

incomplete dominance

Answer 21

offspring displays a trait that is intermediate or blended phenotype

Question 22

codominance

Answer 22

the two dominant alleles are expressed at the same time

Question 23

what trait is shown in codominance

Answer 23

both

Question 24

multiple alleles

Answer 24

traits controlled by more than two alleles

Question 25

what is an example of multiple alleles

Answer 25

blood type

Question 26

type A blood

Answer 26

A antigens on blood cell

Question 27

type B blood

Answer 27

B antigens on blood cell

Question 28

type AB blood

Answer 28

A and B antigens on blood cell

Question 29

type O blood

Answer 29

no antigens on blood cell

Question 30

universal donor

Answer 30

type O blood

Question 31

universal receiver

Answer 31

type AB blood

Question 32

what kind of inheritance is type AB blood

Answer 32

codominance

Question 33

what kind of trait is O allele

Answer 33

recessive

Question 34

type A blood genotypes

Answer 34

I^AI^A or I^Ai

Question 35

type B blood genotypes

Answer 35

I^BI^B or I^Bi

Question 36

type AB blood genotypes

Answer 36

I^AI^B

Question 37

type o blood genotypes

Answer 37

ii

Question 38

rhesus factor

Answer 38

the additional proteins on the blood cells

Question 39

in rabbits C is

Answer 39

black

Question 40

in rabbits c^ch is

Answer 40

chinchilla

Question 41

in rabbits c^h is

Answer 41

himalayan

Question 42

in rabbits c is

Answer 42

albino

Question 43

what kind of inheritance is rabbit types

Answer 43

complete

Question 44

epistasis

Answer 44

the allele of one gene hides the efects of an allele of another gene

Question 45

regulatory genes

Answer 45

genes that determine if another gene is expressed

Question 46

if a regulatory gene is on

Answer 46

then another gene can be expressed

Question 47

if a regulatory gene is off

Answer 47

then another gene cannot be expressed

Question 48

what is the principle of dosage compensation

Answer 48

x-inactivation

Question 49

x-inactivation

Answer 49

all female mammals have two x chromosomes but one is inactivated in every cell

Question 50

what does x-inactivation control

Answer 50

the dosage of the traits displayed

Question 51

barr body

Answer 51

the randomly inactivated X

Question 52

polygenic traits

Answer 52

a trait that is influenced or controlled by several genes

Question 53

what can phenotype be influenced by

Answer 53

environment

Question 54

telomere

Answer 54

protective caps chromosomes have on their ends

Question 55

what are telomeres made of

Answer 55

strands of repeating DNA sequence

Question 56

what do telomeres protect from

Answer 56

the DNA from shortening during mitosis and meiosis

Question 57

what are telomeres possibly linked to helping to reduce

Answer 57

aging and cancer

Question 58

nondisjunction

Answer 58

when the pairs of chromosomes fail to separate evenly

Question 59

what happens as a result of nondisjunction

Answer 59

more or less chromosomes in a cell

Question 60

what stage of cell cycle does nondisjunction occur

Answer 60

meiosis 1 or 2

Question 61

two results of when a gamete forms from nondisjunction and is fertilized

Answer 61

trisomy and monosomy

Question 62

trisomy

Answer 62

having a set of three chromosomes

Question 63

monosomy

Answer 63

having only one of a particular chromosome

Question 64

what is down syndrome caused by

Answer 64

trisomy on 21st chromosome

Question 65

when is fetal testing used

Answer 65

when a couple suspects their child will have a particular genetic disorder

Question 66

types of fetal testing

Answer 66

amniocentis, chorionic villus sampling, fetal blood sampling, ultrasound