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Honors Biology > Final Review: Unit 11 > Flashcards

Final Review: Unit 11 Flashcards

1
Q

evolution

A

the change in a population over time

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2
Q

can individuals evolve

A

no

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3
Q

who proposed evolution

A

lucretius carus

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4
Q

jean baptiste lamarck

A

one of the first scientists to recognize that living things were changing over time, but thought that organism could choose if they wanted to change

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5
Q

what was darwin known as

A

unofficial naturalist

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6
Q

what ship was darwin on

A

hms beagle

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7
Q

where did darwin study

A

galapagos islands

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8
Q

what organisms did darwin study

A

finches beaks and turtles shells

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9
Q

natural selection

A

organisms with physical or behavioral traits that better suit their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce

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10
Q

two sayings of natural selection

A

descent with modification, survival of the fittest

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11
Q

fitness

A

measurement of an individual’s contribution to the next generation

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12
Q

high fitness means

A

more offspring

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13
Q

darwin proposed that species evolve in response to their

A

environments

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14
Q

adaptation

A

a change in a species that results in it being better suited for its environment

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15
Q

those who are better adapted to their environment

A

live longer to reproduce and pass on their genes

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16
Q

principles of natural selection

A

there is variation within individuals in a population, variations are heritable, organisms produce more offspring than can survive, organisms that survive reproduce and pass on their traits

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17
Q

adaptations are the result of

A

mutations and natural selection

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18
Q

three types of adaptations

A

behavioral, physiological, structural

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19
Q

behavioral adaptation

A

response that is beneficial in the environment

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20
Q

physiological adaptation

A

body process that is beneficial in the environment

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21
Q

structural adaptation

A

feature of the body that is beneficial in the environment

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22
Q

three types of structural adaptations

A

camoflauge, mimicry, defensive

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23
Q

camoflauge

A

blending in with the environment

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24
Q

mimicry

A

one species evolves to look like another dangerous one

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25
defensive
hurting a predator or enemy
26
industrial melanism
the darkening of populations of organisms over time in response to pollution
27
antibiotic resistance
bacteria evolve to be resistant to antibiotics
28
what is evolution considered as
a theory
29
evidence of evolution
comparative anatomy/embryology, biochemistry, geographic distribution, fossil evidence
30
homologous structures
structurally similar features inherited from a common ancestor
31
analogous structures
structures that have a similar functions but did not come from a common ancestor
32
vestigial structures
reduced forms of functional structures found in related organisms
33
embryology
the study of developing embryos
34
explain what comparitive anatomy/embryology is
the similarities in fetuses over time to figure out if organisms have a common ancestor
35
biochemistry
dna and genes are similar in closely related specise
36
geographic distribution
species living in similar habitats can evolve similar features although they may not be related
37
fossil record
shows evidence of organisms that lived a very long time ago
38
transition fossils
shows features shared by different species
39
overall transition fossils show
the change from one species to another
40
fossils show a pattern of
change overtime
41
2 ways to determine how old a fossil is
strata, radioactive dating
42
how to figure out age of fossil based on strata
deeper the strata, the older the organism
43
what rate do radioactive isotopes decay at
half-life
44
half-life
the time it takes for half of the isotope to decay
45
ratio of carbon of living organisms
carbon-12:carbon-14
46
ratio of carbon of dead organisms
carbon-12 is fixed, carbon-14 decays
47
length it takes carbon-14 to decay
every 5700 years, 1/2 of the radioactive carbon decays
48
is the fossil record complete
no
49
if a trait is useless to a population will it be lost
no
50
what must happen for evolution (in regard to a trait changing)
it must be a disadvantage
51
genetics-based evolution
any change in allele frequency in a population
52
adaptive radiation
the filling of a certain niche with a new species once new resources become available
53
what does adaptive radiation lead to
speciation
54
genetic drift
evolution due to chance
55
two types of genetic drift
founder effect, population bottleneck
56
the founder effect
a new population is established from a few individuals and the allele frequency of the new population may be different than that of the original, random chance of a pool of alleles being brought to the new location
57
population bottleneck
when a species rapidly declines in numbers and then rebounds, random chance of a pool of alleles remaining in the rebounding population
58
speciation
a new species can evolve when a population diverges and the groups become reproductively isolated
59
types of speciation
allopatric, sympatric
60
allopatric speciation
populations become isolated by a physical barrier
61
how does the physical barrier in allopatric speciation cause a new speceis
mutations and adaptations accumulate differently within each population
62
sympatric speciation
a species evolves into a new species without a physical barrier
63
what is sympatric speciation due to
reproductive isolation
64
how does reproductive isolation work
original species and new species live side by side but they do not reproduce with one another due to separate behaviors and mutations
65
what did the fossil record change about how people thought of evolution
showed that some species lived for a long time and are suddenly replaced by new speceis
66
stephen gould
came up with punctuated equilibrium
67
punctuated equilibrium
rapid spurts of genetic change causes species to diverge quickly
68
gradualism
evolution occurs very slowly
69
the rapid evolution of small isolated populations in punctuated equilibrium are under
strong selective pressure
70
four forms of natural selection
stabilizing, directional, disruptive, sexual
71
stabilizing selection
eliminates extreme expressions of a trait
72
directional selection
one extreme version of a trait makes an organism more fit
73
disruptive selection
both extremes are selected for, and the average is selected against
74
sexual selection
those who are better at mating will pass on their genes
75
the hardy-weinberg principle states evolution will not occur in populations unless
allele frequencies are changed by natural forces
76
Hardy-Weinberg principle applies when
population is in genetic equilibrium and evolution does not occur
77
five conditions of the hardy-weinberg principle
populations are large, there is no immigration/emigration, mating is random, mutations do not occur, natural selection does not occur
78
p
dominant allele
79
q
recessive allele
80
p + q =
1
81
p^2
homozygous dominant individual
82
q^2
homozygous recessive individual
83
2pq
heterozygous individuals
84
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 =
1
85
what order are humans and mammals in
primate
86
hominoids
non-monkey, advanced primates that have binocular vision, relatively large brains, and hands and feet that can manipulate objects
87
hominins
present-day humans and early ancestors with upright posture, larger brains, complex speech, general loss of body hair, highly opposable thumb
88
where were most early hominin fossils from
east africa
89
lucy
species with an ape like brain but human like body (really short)
90
overall trends of human evolution
lighter and larger skull, bigger brains, smaller jaws
91
types of fossils
freezing, tar pits, amber, molds, mummification
92
what do tar pits preserve
only the bones
93
original form of amber
sticky tree sap
94
molds
fossilised impreesion made in a substrate
95
mummification preserves
soft parts and internal organs

Honors Biology (39 decks)

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