Final Review: Unit 10 Flashcards
1
Q
chromatin
A
loose DNA
2
Q
chromosome
A
coiled DNA
3
Q
DNA stands for
A
deoxyribonucleic acid
4
Q
what macromolecule/monomer is DNA
A
nucleic acid; nucleotides
5
Q
four different types of DNA
A
adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
6
Q
structure of DNA
A
double helix
7
Q
two major components of DNA
A
sugar-phosphate backbone, nitrogen bases
8
Q
if DNA is like a ladder, what is the backbone like, what are the nitrogen bases
A
rails; steps
9
Q
parts of a nucleotide
A
phosphate group + deoxyribose (backbone), nitrogen bases
10
Q
types of nitrogen bases
A
adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
11
Q
chargaff’s rule is aka
A
base-pair rule
12
Q
chargaff’s rule
A
of adenines = # of thymines, # of cytosines = # of guanines
13
Q
what type of bonds are between base pairs
A
hydrogen bonds
14
Q
what bases pair together
A
a and t, c and g
15
Q
how many bonds between a and t
A
two
16
Q
how many bonds between c and g
A
three
17
Q
purine
A
having two rings
18
Q
pyrimidine
A
bases that have one ring
19
Q
what base pairs are purine
A
a and g
20
Q
what bases are pyrimidine
A
c and t
21
Q
dna strands being complementary means
A
the sequence of bases on one strand determines the sequences of bases on the other strand
22
Q
genetic code of life
A
the order of nitrogen bases
23
Q
human genome project
A
maps all the nitrogen bases in humans
24
Q
friedrich miescher
A
discovered a substance with nitrogen and phosphorus in pus, named in nuclein because it came from the nucleus, was DNA
25
what tool did rosalind franklin use
x-ray diffraction
26
what did x-ray diffraction reveal
the double helix shape of dna
27
what did the discovery of the double helix shape reveal
phosphates were on the outside
28
watson and crick
published theory of 3d structure of DNA
29
who was the original founder of dna structure
franklin
30
DNA replication
copying of DNA
31
semiconservative replication
each new strand is made from one parent strand and one new strand
32
what do parental dna strands act as
templates
33
what prevents DNA from replicating in phases other than S
the histones
34
DNA helicase
enzyme that unwinds the double helix
35
how does helicase unwind double helix
braek the hydrogen bonds that hold together the nitrogen bases
36
replication fork
the area where the double helix separates
37
DNA polymerase
enzyme at replication fork that adds the correct nucleotides
38
what forms as the dna polymerase moves along each unwound strand
two new complementary strands of DNA are formed
39
direction of DNA strands
antiparallel
40
anitparallel
one strand moves from 5 prime to 3 prime direction, second strand runs from 3 prime to 5 prime
41
what direction does DNA plymerase work
3 prime to 5 prime
42
what direction is the leading strand
three to five prime
43
what happens to leading strand as dna unwinds
elongates
44
lagging strand direction
5 prime to three prime
45
what happens to lagging strand as dna unwinds
elongates away from replication fork
46
okazaki fragments
the pieces dna polymerase works in away from the replication fork
47
ligase
sugars and phosphates and sugars in the okazaki fragements are connected
48
after ligase what does dna polymerase do
detatches from molecule
49
only when can dna polymerase add new nucleotides
if the previous nucleotide added was correct
50
how many replication forks do eukaryotic cells have
muliple
51
why do eukaryotic cells have multiple replication forks
to make replication faster
52
origin of replication
where replication begins
53
telo
end
54
mere
part
55
do telomere dna sequences code for a protein
no
56
what proofreads DNA
dna polymerase
57
how many points of origins do bacteria have
one
58
another phrase for the central dogma
protein synthesis
59
central dogma
dna codes for rna which allows proteins to be made
60
what is the blueprint of your body
dna
61
what is the structure of the body
protein
62
what contains genes
dna
63
difference between dna replication and protein synthesis
dna replication makes more dna and protein synthesis makes protein using the information from the dna
64
what macromolecule is rna
nucleic acid
65
rna stands for
ribonucleic acid
66
what is rna made of
phosphate, ribose, nitrogen bases
67
what nitrogen bases does rna use
guanine, cytosine, adenine, uracil
68
difference between dna and rna
double stranded, thymine, deoxyribose vs single stranded, uracil, ribose
69
types of rna
mrna, rrna, trna
70
mrna
messenger rna
71
rrna
ribosomal rna
72
trna
tranfer rna
73
what does mrna carry
instructions from dna to the ribosome
74
where does mrna get and take dna
from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
75
does dna leave the nucleus
no
76
since dna doesnt leave the nucleus rna
forms a temporary copy of the instructions to be used to make protein
77
what is rrna used for
in addition to protein to create ribosomes
78
what does trna do
carries amino acid to the ribosome
79
two main steps of protein synthesis
transcription, translation
80
what creates what in transcription
dna creates mrna
81
what creates what in translation
mrna creates protein
82
where does transcription occur
nucleus
83
what overall happens in transcription
genetic information is copied from dna to mrna
84
what enzyme is used at the beginning of transcription
rna polymerase
85
rna polymerase role
unwinds dna strand, mrna is created, dna winds again
86
what direction is mrna created in
three prime to five prime
87
RNA splicing
removing introns and moving exons
88
introns
dna sequences not needed in rna
89
exons
dna sequences needed in rna
90
what happens to introns
they are cut out
91
what happens to exons
they are kept
92
where does translation occur
cytoplasm
93
what folds into a protein
chains of amino acids
94
first step of translation
mrna leaves the nucleus
95
after mrna is in the cytoplasm
it joins and enters a ribosome
96
how does the mrna enter the ribosome
in sections three bases at a time
97
codon
three nucleotides that code for an amino acid
98
how many codons are there
64
99
how many start codons are there
one
100
how many stop codons are there
three
101
mrna start sequence
aug
102
mrna stop sequences
uaa, uga, uag
103
after mrna is read
trna brings the amino acid to the ribosome
104
what does trna use to attatch to the mrna
anticodon
105
anticodon
sequence of rna complementary to the mrna
106
what determines how a protein folds
the amino acids
107
what determines a protein's role in the body
the way it folds
108
expression of genes and synthesis of proteins is
tightly controlled
109
are genes transcribed and translated all the time
no
110
transcribing and translating required
energy and materials
111
when does a cell make proteins
when it needs it
112
mutations
changes in the dna or mrna sequence
113
mutations are caused by
errors during replication, transcription, translation, or mutagens
114
mutagens
things that damage dna
115
two levels of mutations
point, chromosomal
116
point mutations deal with
dna and mrna
117
chromosomal mutations deal with
chromosome
118
point mutations
change in one or a few nucleotides coding for a gene
119
three types of point mutations
insertion, deletion, substitution
120
substitution
one or more nucleotides are replaced by another nucleotides
121
insertion
one or more nucleotides are addedd
122
deletion
one or more nucleotides are removed
123
what can point mutations change
the amino acid sequence
124
four mutations that cause changes to amino acids
nonsense, missense, frameshift, silent
125
nonsense mutation
causes a stoop codon in the middle of sequencing
126
what does a nonsense mutation cause
incomplete protein to form
127
missense mutation
one wrong amino acid
128
frameshift mutation
moves all nucleotides over one position
129
most detrimental mutation
frameshift
130
silent mutation
change in the dna or mrna that does not change the amino acid
131
four types of chromosomal mutations
deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation
132
deletion
a chromosomal segment is lost
133
duplication
a segment from one chromosome is trnasferred to its homologous chromosome, giving it a duplicate of some genes
134
inversion
a segment of a chromosome arm is inverted
135
translocation
a segment from a chromosome is transferred to another chromosome
136
genetic engineering
manipulating the dna of one organism by inserting another organism's dna
137
transgenic organisms
organisms created by genetic engineering
138
before genetic engineering can occur, what must researchers know
the genetic information and dna sequences
139
genome
the total dna present in a cell
140
human genome project
discover all three billion nucleotides in human dna
141
dna fingerprinting uses
separated fragments of dna
142
what makes dna fingerprinting possibld
gel electrophoresis
143
gel electrophoresis
a tool that uses an electric current to separate dna into fragments according to size
144
restriction enzymes
cut dna
145
what allows dna to separate into pieces
restriction enzymes
146
explain gel electrophoresis,
dna is loaded into the negatively charged portion of the gel, current is applied causing dna to move to the positive end because opposites attract, maller pieces move farther throughout the gel
147
how to know if an individual matches with gel electrophoresis
banding patterns of the dna match
148
