Final Review: Unit 7

Question 1

surface area

Answer 1

area covered by plasma membrane

Question 2

volume

Answer 2

space taken by inner contents of the cell

Question 3

sa to volume ratio

Answer 3

surface area divided by volume

Question 4

high or low volume for faster diffusion

Answer 4

low

Question 5

what affects a cell’s ability to communicate

Answer 5

size

Question 6

communication usually requires

Answer 6

movement of substances

Question 7

why cant large cells communicate as well

Answer 7

large distances are hard to cover

Question 8

once a cell reaches growth limit it

Answer 8

stops growing, divide, or die

Question 9

what maintains the size of a cell

Answer 9

pause in the cycle

Question 10

what causes cell division

Answer 10

completion of cycle

Question 11

what kind of cells use cell cycle

Answer 11

eukaryotic

Question 12

three stages of cell cycle

Answer 12

interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

Question 13

interphase

Answer 13

stage of cell growth

Question 14

mitosis

Answer 14

stage of nuclear division

Question 15

cytokinesis

Answer 15

stage of cytoplasm division

Question 16

g1 phase

Answer 16

cell grows, carries out normal functions, prepares for dna replication

Question 17

s phase

Answer 17

cell copies its dna to prepare for cell division, chromosomes begin to form

Question 18

g2 phase

Answer 18

cell prepares to divide nucleus, proteins to make microtubules form, checks to see if it’s prepared for mitosis

Question 19

what is the final product of mitosis/cytokinesis

Answer 19

one parent cell divides into two daughter cells that are identical

Question 20

four steps of mitosis

Answer 20

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Question 21

nucleosome

Answer 21

dna coiled around histone proteins

Question 22

what is chromatin made of

Answer 22

nucleosomes

Question 23

what form of dna is readable

Answer 23

chromatin

Question 24

what form is dna in during interphase

Answer 24

chromatin

Question 25

structure of chromosome

Answer 25

nucleosomes are supercoiled, arms are connected at centromere

Question 26

centromere made of

Answer 26

dna and protein

Question 27

unreplicated chromosome

Answer 27

contains one set of dna

Question 28

replicated chromosome

Answer 28

contains two strands of identical dna

Question 29

sister chromatid

Answer 29

each strand of identical dna

Question 30

how much dna does each daughter cell get

Answer 30

one copy

Question 31

what kind of cells does mitosis make

Answer 31

somatic

Question 32

prophase

Answer 32

chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down, spindle fibers fmr at the poles from the centriole

Question 33

what are spindles made of

Answer 33

microtubules

Question 34

where do spindles attatch

Answer 34

centromere

Question 35

how many chromosomes are in a normal human somatic cell

Answer 35

46

Question 36

metaphase

Answer 36

spindles move chromosomes at the equator, chromosomes align at middle

Question 37

purpose of spindles

Answer 37

pull apart chromosomes or move them

Question 38

anaphase

Answer 38

sister chromatids are pulled apart, unreplicated chromosomes move towards poles, chromosome number doubles

Question 39

how do sister chromatids move towards poles

Answer 39

spindles shorten

Question 40

dna changes from what to what in anaphase

Answer 40

replicated to unreplicated

Question 41

telophase

Answer 41

unreplicated chromosomes move to poles, nuclear envelope reforms, spindles disappear, chromosomes decondense into chromatin, two nuclei form

Question 42

after cytokinesis what are cells like

Answer 42

identical with same dna, size, and half of original cell's cytoplasm

Question 43

cleavage furrow

Answer 43

when the cell membrane is pinched in half by protein threads

Question 44

who does pinching in cleavage furrow

Answer 44

contractile ring

Question 45

what cells do cleavage furrow

Answer 45

animal cells

Question 46

cell plate

Answer 46

when vesicles fuse together and create a cell wall over time

Question 47

what cells use a cell plate

Answer 47

plant

Question 48

write full order of cell cycle

Answer 48

g1, s, g2, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

Question 49

what regulates the cell throughout the cycle

Answer 49

checkpoints

Question 50

cyclins

Answer 50

types of protein

Question 51

cyclin-dependent kinase

Answer 51

enzyme that binds to cyclin to initate phases

Question 52

checkpoint after g1

Answer 52

checks if cell is big enough (decide if it will decide)

Question 53

checkpoint after s and g2

Answer 53

dna is checked to make sure no mistakes were made when it was copied

Question 54

checkpoint after m

Answer 54

checks if chromatids were separated correctly by spindles

Question 55

g0 is known as

Answer 55

resting phase

Question 56

when does g0 occur

Answer 56

beginning of g1

Question 57

when does a cell enter g0

Answer 57

if it no longer divides

Question 58

how do somatic cells divide if they are normal

Answer 58

controlled manner

Question 59

why do somatic cells divide in a controlled manner

Answer 59

cell cycle and checkpoints

Question 60

when does a cell become cancerous

Answer 60

when it can no longer regulate its rate of cell division

Question 61

what causes cancer cells to divide as rapidly as possible

Answer 61

they ignore checkpoints

Question 62

tumor

Answer 62

a mass of cancerous cells

Question 63

how does a tumor interfere with normal cells

Answer 63

uses up their nutrients and energy

Question 64

malignant tumors

Answer 64

tumors that metastasize

Question 65

metastasis

Answer 65

the spreading of cancer cells to other parts of the body

Question 66

benign tumors

Answer 66

tumors that are enclosed in a capsule and do not spread

Question 67

what tumors are the most dangerous; least?

Answer 67

malignant; benign

Question 68

carcinogens/mutagens

Answer 68

anything that can damage genes and cause cancer

Question 69

what can induce cancer

Answer 69

dangerous chemicals, radiation, some viruses

Question 70

traditional cancer treatments

Answer 70

chemotherapy, radiation, surgery

Question 71

what cells attack cancer cells

Answer 71

killer t-cells

Question 72

apoptosis

Answer 72

programmed cell death

Question 73

when does apoptosis occur

Answer 73

if cell has too much irrepairable damage, outlives usefulness, necessary for organism, hand and feet development

Question 74

syndactyly

Answer 74

the webbing of hands/feet due to incomplete apoptosis

Question 75

what allows cells to carry out specific functions within body

Answer 75

them being specialized

Question 76

are all cells specialized

Answer 76

no

Question 77

stem cells

Answer 77

unspecialized cells

Question 78

types of stem cells

Answer 78

embryonic, perinatal, adult, induced pluripotent

Question 79

blastocyst

Answer 79

a mass of 100-150 unspecialized cells

Question 80

embryonic stem cells

Answer 80

separated cells from a blastocycst that are unspecialized and are pluripotent

Question 81

pluripotent

Answer 81

a cell that gives rise to all cell types

Question 82

if a blastocyst is left in tact it will

Answer 82

become a fetus

Question 83

con of embryonic stem cells

Answer 83

very controversial

Question 84

where are adult stem cells found

Answer 84

mature body tissue, umbillical cords, placenta

Question 85

who has adult stem cells

Answer 85

everyone

Question 86

multipotent

Answer 86

cells that only give rise to a limited type of cells

Question 87

are adult stem cells multi/pluripotent

Answer 87

multipotent

Question 88

what do adult stem cells do

Answer 88

maintain and repair the same kind of tissue in which they are found

Question 89

where are perinatal stem cells found

Answer 89

umbilical cord, amniotic fluid

Question 90

are perinatal stem cells multi/pluripotent

Answer 90

pluripotent

Question 91

induced pluripotent stem cells

Answer 91

any cells can be reprogrammed into embryonic stem cells