Final Review: Unit 8

Question 1

what cells do mitosis

Answer 1

somatic

Question 2

what cells do meiosis

Answer 2

sex

Question 3

are somatic cells diploid or haploid

Answer 3

diploid

Question 4

are sex cells diploid or haploid

Answer 4

haploid

Question 5

mitosis

Answer 5

division of somatic cells for grow and repair

Question 6

meiosis

Answer 6

division of sex cells such as gametes or sperm or egg

Question 7

does mitosis or meiosis lead to genetically different daughter cells

Answer 7

meiosis

Question 8

homologous chromosomes

Answer 8

chromosomes that are typically paired together with nearly identical DNA, same size and shape, same genes, but different alleles

Question 9

alleles

Answer 9

different versions of genes

Question 10

karyotype

Answer 10

all chromosomes and genes in a cell arranged in homologous pairs, in order from longest to shortest, and sex chromosomes at the end

Question 11

n=23 is

Answer 11

haploid

Question 12

2n=46 is

Answer 12

diploid

Question 13

fertilization

Answer 13

when sperm and egg fuse together

Question 14

what does fertilization result in

Answer 14

zygote

Question 15

what is different about meiosis than mitosis

Answer 15

two rounds of cell division

Question 16

meiosis 1

Answer 16

homologs line up and separate

Question 17

meiosis 2

Answer 17

sister chromatids lin eup and separate

Question 18

every phase of meiosis

Answer 18

interphase, prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1, cytokinesis, prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2, cytokinesis

Question 19

interphase in meiosis

Answer 19

dna replication that only occurs before prophase 1

Question 20

prophase 1

Answer 20

nuclear membreane dissolves, chromosomes condense, spindles form, chromosomes pair with homolog and form tetrad

Question 21

tetrad

Answer 21

when homologous chromosomes pair together

Question 22

crossing over

Answer 22

when homologous chromosomes exchange DNA at the start of meiosis 1 during prophase 1

Question 23

what happens in crossing over

Answer 23

fragment of one chromosome exchanges with fragment of its homolog

Question 24

where does crossing over occur

Answer 24

chiasma

Question 25

metaphase 1

Answer 25

spindles attatch to homologs, and randomly align them at the equator two by two

Question 26

what stage does independent assortment occur

Answer 26

metaphase 1

Question 27

what two things increase genetic diversity in meiosis

Answer 27

crossing over and independent assortment

Question 28

anaphase 1

Answer 28

spindles pull homologs towards opposite poles, but sister chromatids are still attatched

Question 29

telophase 1 and cytokinesis

Answer 29

2 nuclear envelopes reform, spindles disappear, cytoplasm divides

Question 30

what does meiosis 1 create

Answer 30

two haploid cells

Question 31

prophase 2

Answer 31

nuclear membraen disintegrates, spindles form from centrioles, chromosomes condense, no crossing over

Question 32

metaphase 2

Answer 32

replicated chromosomes' sister chromatids line up on the equator

Question 33

anaphase 2

Answer 33

sister chromatids separate, unreplicated chromosomes move toward poles

Question 34

telophase 2 and cytokinesis

Answer 34

nuclear membrane reforms, chromosomes decondense, centrioles retract

Question 35

what is the result of meiosis 2

Answer 35

four haploid cells

Question 36

what happens before what for egg and sperm to fuse

Answer 36

fertilization stimulates meiosis two

Question 37

when does crossing over occur

Answer 37

prophase one

Question 38

asexual reproduction

Answer 38

when a single parent passes all of its genes to its offspring and the offspring is identical to parent

Question 39

types of asexual reproduction

Answer 39

binary fission, fragmentation, budding, parthenogenesis, cloning, identical twinning

Question 40

binary fission

Answer 40

the separation of a parent into two individuals

Question 41

fragmentation

Answer 41

the growth of an organism from a part that has broken off

Question 42

regeneration

Answer 42

the re-growth of any lost body part

Question 43

budding

Answer 43

new individuals split off from existing individuals

Question 44

parthenogenesis

Answer 44

the development of unfertilized eggs into a new individual

Question 45

clone

Answer 45

an organism that is genetically identical to its parent

Question 46

identical twinning

Answer 46

results from the asexual splitting of an early embryo into two individuals

Question 47

pros of asexual reproduction

Answer 47

simple, fast production of many organisms

Question 48

con of asexual reproduction

Answer 48

lack of genetic variation

Question 49

what does sexual reproduction require

Answer 49

two parents' gametes to fuse

Question 50

gametogenesis

Answer 50

the process that matures gametes into sperm or egg cells

Question 51

spermatogenesis

Answer 51

makes sperm

Question 52

oogenesis

Answer 52

makes eggs

Question 53

where does spermatogenesis occur

Answer 53

testes

Question 54

how many cells are produced in spermatogenesis

Answer 54

four

Question 55

how many cells produced in spermatogenesis become sperm

Answer 55

four

Question 56

where does oogenesis occur

Answer 56

ovaries

Question 57

how many eggs are produced in oogenesis

Answer 57

one

Question 58

polar bodies

Answer 58

teh other two unused cells

Question 59

ecotopic pregnancy

Answer 59

when the fertilized egg does not move into the uterus

Question 60

where does a fetus grow and develop

Answer 60

amniotic sac

Question 61

what does placenta do

Answer 61

nourishes fetus

Question 62

pro of sexual reproduction

Answer 62

genetic variation

Question 63

con of sexual reproduction

Answer 63

slow and complex

Question 64

heredity

Answer 64

the passing of traits from parents to offspring

Question 65

father of genetics

Answer 65

gregor mendel

Question 66

genetics

Answer 66

studies genes and inheritance

Question 67

what did mendel study

Answer 67

pea plants

Question 68

why did mendel study pea plants

Answer 68

eay to breed and cross pollinate by hand, easy traits to distinguish, easy to control their reproduction, grow easily and mature quickly

Question 69

self pollination

Answer 69

occurs when pollen is transferred within the same flwoer or to another flower of the same plant

Question 70

what was the generation named of those who self pollinated

Answer 70

P gen

Question 71

P gen means

Answer 71

parental generation

Question 72

cross pollination

Answer 72

pollination from/by flowers of separate plants

Question 73

what was the name of the offspring for cross pollination

Answer 73

F1 gen

Question 74

F1 gen means

Answer 74

first filial generation

Question 75

the offspring of the f1 generation

Answer 75

F2 generation

Question 76

what does f2 gen mean

Answer 76

second filial generation

Question 77

law of segregation

Answer 77

the two alleles are separated in meiosis and an offspring inherits one allele from each parent

Question 78

law of independent assortment

Answer 78

the alleles of different traits randomly assort from one another

Question 79

dominant

Answer 79

visible traits

Question 80

recesive

Answer 80

hidden traits

Question 81

does dominant mean common

Answer 81

no

Question 82

homozygous

Answer 82

two copies of the same allele

Question 83

heterozygous

Answer 83

two copies of different alleles

Question 84

genotype

Answer 84

an individual's set of alleles/genes

Question 85

phenotype

Answer 85

the physical appearance of a trait

Question 86

punnet squares

Answer 86

used to predict the outcome of monohybrid crosses

Question 87

monohybrid cross

Answer 87

a cross that involves one pair of contrasting traits

Question 88

what kind of chnace is an offspring male/female

Answer 88

equal

Question 89

xx

Answer 89

female

Question 90

xy

Answer 90

male

Question 91

dihybrid cross

Answer 91

uses two contrasting traits (or genes)

Question 92

testcross

Answer 92

performed when the exact alleles of the parents are unknown

Question 93

genetic recombination

Answer 93

new combination of genes caused by crossing over and independent assortment

Question 94

linked genes

Answer 94

genes on the same chromosome

Question 95

if genes are linked they are

Answer 95

more likely to be inherited together

Question 96

crossing over occurs more frequently when

Answer 96

genes are farther apart

Question 97

chromosome map

Answer 97

shows how far apart genes are located

Question 98

what do chromosome maps determine

Answer 98

how likely genes are to be inherited together or separately

Question 99

1 map unit between two genes =

Answer 99

percent of crossing over that occurs between them

Question 100

polyploidy

Answer 100

having more than two sets of chromosomes