GENETICS

Question 1

Genetics derived from the word gene which means

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To become and to grow into

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What makes u unique, or one of a kind

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Genetics

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Why family members look alike

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Genetics

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Why some disease like diabetes or cancer run in families

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Genetics

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Proposed the theory that a moist vapor descends from the brain and nerves

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Pythagoras

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That each parent produce a semen which arises directly from various parts of the body

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Empedocles

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Though that the vitalizing effect considered as highly purified blood

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Aristotle

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According to him the mother furnishes innert matter, and the father gives the life giving power, “dynamic to the new life

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Aristotle

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He believed that the inheritance was conveyed via blood

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Aristotle and the reason why people still refer to “blood relatives”“blood lines” and offspring as products of their “flesh and blood”

Question 10

Preformation theory was proposed by two dutch biologist

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Swammerdam and Bonet (1720-1793)

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The preformation theory state that a miniature human was already perform in egg and sperm

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Homunculus

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This theory was rejected because this could not be proved scientifically

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Preformation theory

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THEORY OF EPIGENETICS was proposed by a German biologist and it states that egg or sperm cells do not contain miniature human but that the gametes contained undifferentiated living substance capable of forming the organized body after fertilization.

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Wolff, This proposition was called as epigenetic concept

Question 14

THEORY OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERS was proposed by, a French biologist.

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Lamarck (1744-1829)

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This theory states that a new character once acquired by an individual shall pass on to its progeny.

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Lamarck (1744-1829)

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This theory was disproved by Weismann. He cut the tail of mice for successive generations

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THEORY OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERS

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THEORY OF PANGENES was proposed by and an English naturalist.

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Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882)

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According to him, each part of the animal body produces a minute copy of its own, called

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gemmule or pangene

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theory of pangenesis is also known as the

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“theory of blending inheritance”

Question 20

He developed the theory of natural selection

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Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882)

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the idea that members of a population who are better adapted to their environment will be the ones most likely to survive and pass their traits on to the next generation.

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theory of natural selection,

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On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859)

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Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882)

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GERMPLASM THEORY this theory was advocated by and a German biologist.

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August Weismann (1834-1914),

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According to this GERMPLASM THEORY, organism’s body contains two types of cells namely

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somatic cells and reproductive cells

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form the body and its various organ systems

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somatic cells

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form sperm and ova

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reproductive cells

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The somatic cells contain the

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“somatoplasm”

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reproductive cells contain the

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“germplasm”

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___ which were caused by the environment, cannot influence the germplasm and hence acquired characters are not inherited

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(somatoplasm),

Question 30

Before Mendel’s experiment and ideas, Genetics was

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poorly understood

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conducted experiments on pea much before Mendel but failed to formulate the laws of inheritance because he could not use the mathematics to his results.

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Knight (1779)

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a German botanist performed hybridization experiments in tobacco and compared the hybrids with their parents. He demonstrated that the hybrids may resemble one or the other parent or may be intermediate between them. He also showed that both the parents make equal contributions to the hybrids.

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J. Kolreuter (1733-1806),

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done experiments similar to Kolreuter and they observed the similar results.

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Gartner (1772-1850) and Naudin (1815-1899)

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developed the understanding genetics by experimenting garden peas (Pisum sativum).

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Gregor Mendel

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Father of Modern Genetics

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Gregor Mendel

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Austrian biologist, meteorologist, and Augustinian Priest

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Gregor Mendel

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wherein he showed that “factors of inheritance” are transferred from parents to offspring.

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Gregor Mendel

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because they are easy to grow, easy to artificially hybridize (self-pollinating plants), has a short life cycle, with many offsprings in a single cross, and the presence of contrasting traits (alleles), and his use of pure breeds

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(Pisum sativum)

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responsible for observable characteristics

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genotype

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as result of fertilization

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phenotype

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According to Mendel, genetic material of organisms exist in pairs

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alleles

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A string of complex molecules called

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nucleotides

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It contains the genetic information of life andacts as a set of instructions for how to build and maintain you.

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nucleotides

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DNA is found in the heart of almost every human cell, in an area called

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nucleus

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is unique, unless you’re an identical twin.

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DNA

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A short section of DNA

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GENE

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instructions that our cells use to make molecules called

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proteins

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To strengthen them and keep them safe DNA is looped and coiled into a structure

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chromosome

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(23 from dad and 23 from mom)

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46 Chromosomes

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are formed before cells divide.

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Chromosomes

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one is an exact copy of other and each contains one DNA molecule

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Two identical chromatids

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short arm structure

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p arm

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constricted point of the chromosome

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centromere

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long arm structure

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q arm

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long string like dna molecule formed into a compact

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DNA molecule

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xx xy

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female male

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An organism’s complete set of DNA

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GENOME

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An individual inherits two alleles for each gene, one from each parent

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ALLELES

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same two copies of a genes

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homozygous

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different copies of a gene

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heterozygous

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set of genes in our DNA which is responsible for a particular trait.

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GENOTYPE

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physical expression, or characteristics, of that trait.

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PHENOTYPE

Question 63

PP and pp are alleles of the pea plant flower color.

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GENOTYPE

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PP is for purple flowers, pp is for white flowers.

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PHENOTYPE

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The allele that is expressed and overrules the recessive gene. Denoted by using capital letters.

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dominant

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Example traits: Dark hair, Curly hair, Baldness, Widow’s peak, Freckles, Right handedness

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dominant

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are expressed only if both the connected alleles and Denoted by using lower case letter

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recessive

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Example traits: Blonde or red hair, Straight hair, Straight hairline, Round eyes, Left handedness, Blue eyes

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recessive

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which is the transmission of genetic material from one generation to the other.

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TRANSMISSION GENETICS/ CLASSICAL GENETICS

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Focuses on individual organisms and emphasize the relationship between chromosomes and heredity, arrangement of genes on chromosomes, and gene mapping.

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TRANSMISSION GENETICS/ CLASSICAL GENETICS

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Study on the chemical nature (structure and function) of genes

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MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS

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Emphasize on how genetic information is encoded, replicated and processed.

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MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS

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Study of behavior and effects of genes in population, often using mathematical models

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POPULATION AND BIOMETRICAL GENETICS

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Focuses on the group of genes found in a population and emphasizes on how genetic composition of a group changes over time.

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POPULATION AND BIOMETRICAL GENETICS

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Studies the influence of varying genetics on animal behavior, the effects of human disorders as well as its causes;

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BEHAVIORAL GENETICS

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counseling of patients with genetic disorders or syndromes

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CLINICAL GENETICS

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whose genome has been altered by the introduction of one or more foreign DNA

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TRANSGENIC

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Provide some synthetically produced raw materials for industries

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INDUSTRY

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Genetic fingerprinting * Forensic of crime scene * Detection of mother and father of fetus

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FORENSIC SCIENCES

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Does not involve any direct manipulation of genetic material

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non-genetically modified (non-GMO).

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This method can be used to combine (or splice) DNA from different species or to create genes with new functions.

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Recombinant DNA technology

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manipulate and isolate DNA segments of interest

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Recombinant DNA technology

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applied to make important proteins used in the treatment of human diseases, such as insulin and growth hormone

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Recombinant DNA technology

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mutate the DNA in a way that stops the gene’s expression permanently.

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Gene knockout

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damage specific genes, making them non-functional.

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Gene knockout

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Increase understanding of how diseases occur.

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Stem cells

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Generate healthy cells to replace cells affected by disease (regenerative medicine).

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Stem cells

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Test new drugs for safety and effectiveness.

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Stem cells

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an organism that is a product of genetic engineering

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Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)

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Any organism that has the genetic material from some other organism.

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Transgenic

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vehicle for transferring the recombinant DNA (altered genetic material) into the organism of interest. Ex. Plasmid and Viruses

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Vector

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a circular DNA usually found in bacteria and yeast, commonly used for genetic engineering.

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Plasmid

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Genetic engineering, sometimes called

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genetic modification

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is the process of altering the DNA in an organism’s genome using biotechnology tools or techniques.

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Genetic engineering

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CRISP

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Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats

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is a gene-editing technology that targets specific stretches

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“CRISPR-Cas9”

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is guided with specific guide RNA to cut at points around specific target

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Cas9

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is a new type of rice that contains beta carotene

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Golden Rice

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GENETIC ENGINEERING APPLICATION

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* MEDICINE * AGRICULTURE * RESEARCH

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is the first cloned sheep using nuclear transfer

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Dolly the sheep