ANAPHY LESSON 3 MIDTERM (NERVOUS SYSTEM) Flashcards by Jasmine Tabangcora

is the body’s communication and
control system

nervous system

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

It helps coordinate body
functions, allowing us to move, think, feel, and maintain
homeostasis

nervous system

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

2 Main Parts of the Nervous System:

Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Consists of the brain and
spinal cord; processes information and controls responses

Central Nervous System (CNS)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Includes all nerves outside
the CNS; carries signals between the body and CNS.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

5 FUNCTION OF NERVOUS SYSTM

Receiving Sensory Input
Integrating Information
Controlling Muscles & Glands
Maintaining Homeostasis
Mental Activity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Detects external and internal stimuli

Receiving Sensory Input –

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Processes sensory input, leading to
immediate responses, memory storage, or no response.

Integrating Information –

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Regulates skeletal, cardiac, and
smooth muscles, as well as glands.

Controlling Muscles & Glands –

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Adjusts body functions to maintain a
stable internal environment.

Maintaining Homeostasis –

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Supports consciousness, memory, and
thinking.

Mental Activity –

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

are the basic units of
the nervous system

Neurons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

produced by
Schwann cells in the PNS and oligodendrocytes in the CNS.

Myelin Sheath

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This process, known as saltatory conduction, ensures faster and more
efficient signal transmission compared to unmyelinated axons.

Nodes of Ranvier

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

These nodes allow electrical impulses to jump from one node to another

Nodes of Ranvier

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

is the functional connection between two neurons or
between a neuron and an effector cell

Synapse

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sends the signal.

Presynaptic neuron –

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The gap between neurons where
neurotransmitters are released.

Synaptic cleft –

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Receives the signal via receptors.

Postsynaptic neuron –

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Types of Nerve Cells Based on Function:

Sensory Neurons (Afferent Neurons)
Motor Neurons (Efferent Neurons)
Interneurons (Association Neurons)`

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Carry sensory
information from receptors (e.g., skin, eyes, ears) to the CNS.

Sensory Neurons (Afferent Neurons)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Transmit signals from
the CNS to muscles or glands to initiate movement or
secretion.

Motor Neurons (Efferent Neurons)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Found in the CNS, they
connect sensory and motor neurons and play a role in
reflexes and processing information

Interneurons (Association Neurons)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Types of Nerve CellsBased on Structure

Multipolar Neurons
Bipolar Neurons
Unipolar (Pseudounipolar) Neurons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Have one axon and multiple dendrite

Multipolar Neurons

Have one axon and one dendrite

Bipolar Neurons

1 axon split

Unipolar (Pseudounipolar) Neurons

maintain the blood brain barrier

astrocytes

produce myelin in the CNS

oligodendrocytes

act as immune cells of the CNS

microglia

line the ventricles of the brain

ependymal cells

4 glial cells in CNS

astrocytes oligodendrocytes microglia ependymal cells

produce myelin in the PNS

schwann cells

surround and support nueron cell bodies in the PNS

satellite cells

2 glial cells in PNS

schwann cells satellite cells

4 Signal Transmission in the Nervous System

resting state depolarizing phase repolarizing phase begins repolarizing phase continues

gaps in the myelin sheath

Nodes of Ranvier

allows signals to travel faster compared to unmyelinated neurons

saltatory conduction,

Reflex Arc Components:

* Receptor: Detects the stimulus. * Sensory Neuron: Sends signals to the spinal cord. * Interneuron: Processes information. * Motor Neuron: Sends a response signal * Effector: Produces a response

consists of the brain and spinal cord. It serves as the control center of the body

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Largest region, responsible for higher cognitive functions

Cerebrum

cerebrum is divided into two ___ (left and right), connected by the___

hemispheres, corpus callous

(gray matter) responsible for processing sensory information, voluntary movement, reasoning, and personality.

cerebral cortex

Think of it as the "processing unit"

Gray Matter

Found in the cerebral cortex, where higher-order thinking occurs

gray matter

Controls sensory perception, motor control, emotions, memory, and decision-making

gray matter

Think of it as the "communication network

White Matter

Ensures fast and efficient transmission of signals between different brain regions

White Matter

which connects the two hemispheres for coordinated function

corpus callosum,

(Relay center, autonomic control, homeostasis

Diencephalon

contains important structures that regulate homeostasis and sensory processing.

Diencephalon

connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls essential life functions like breathing and heart rate.

brainstem

Controls reflexes related to vision and hearing. Contains the superior colliculus (visual reflexes) and inferior colliculus (auditory reflexes).

Midbrain

Regulates breathing rate and sleep cycles.

Pons

Contains nuclei for cranial nerves V-VIII

Pons

Controls vital autonomic functions, such as heartbeat, blood pressure, and respiration.

Medulla Oblongata

meaning the left brain controls the right side of the body and vice versa.

decussation

Located at the back of the brain, below the cerebrum. Maintains balance and posture. Involved in motor learning

Cerebellum

Damage to the cerebellum leads to ___ (loss of coordination).

ataxia

The brain and spinal cord are covered by three layers of connective tissue called the which provide protection and support.

meninges

*3 layers of meninges a.___ ("Tough Mother") b. ___("Spider-Like") c. ____ ("Soft Mother")

Dura Mater Arachnoid Mater Pia Mater

(Coordination & balance)

Cerebellum

(Vital functions and reflexes)

Brainstem

Protective layers of the brain and spinal cord

Meninges

Outermost, thickest layer, made of dense connective tissue

Dura Mater

Has two layers: Dura Mater

*Periosteal layer (attached to the skull). *Meningeal layer (closer to the brain).

which drain venous blood from the brain.

dural sinuses

middle layer, which absorb CSF into venous circulation.

arachnoid villi

Innermost, delicate layer, directly attached to the brain.

Pia Mater ("Soft Mother")

clear, nutrient-rich fluid Removes waste products

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Cushions the brain and spinal cord (shock absorption).

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Provides nutrients to neural tissue.

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

continuously produced, circulated, and absorbed to maintain homeostasis.

CSF

A network of capillaries and specialized cells located inside the ventricles. Produces CSF by filtering blood

Choroid Plexus

Found in all four ventricles, with the largest portion in the lateral ventricles.

Choroid Plexus

Cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

ventricles

a crucial part of the central nervous system (CNS), serving as the primary communication highway between the brain and the rest of the body.

spinal cord

It is responsible for motor control, sensory processing, and reflex actions.

spinal cord

_____ medulla oblongata to the L1-L2 vertebral level, where it tapers into the conus medullaris and gives rise to the cauda equina

spinal cord,

spinal cord is segmented into 31 spinal segments,

1. Cervical (C1–C8) 2. Thoracic (T1–T12) 3. Lumbar (L1–L5) 4. Sacral (S1–S5) 5. Coccygeal (Co1)

A bundle of nerve roots extending below the conus medullaris.

Cauda Equina

is the part of the nervous system that lies outside the brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

The tapered end of the spinal cord at L1-L2.

Conus Medullaris

A fibrous extension anchoring the spinal cord to the coccyx.

Filum Terminale

The PNS is divided into two main components:

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)- Controls voluntary movements and reflexes. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) – Controls involuntary functions

t connects the Central Nervous System (CNS) to the rest of the body consists of nerves and ganglia

pns

Carry sensory and motor information between the spinal cord and body.

spinal nerves

Clusters of neuron cell bodies in the PNS.

Ganglia

2 main types of ganglia

Sensory ganglia Autonomic ganglia

– House sensory neuron cell bodies

Sensory ganglia

Control involuntary functions

Autonomic ganglia

Directly arise from the brain Control sensory and motor functions of the head, neck, and some thoracic/abdominal organs.

Cranial Nerves (12 Pairs)

Carry sensory information

Sensory Nerves

Control muscle movement

Motor Nerves

Have both sensory and motor functions.

Mixed Nerves

Controls skeletal muscles for voluntary movement. Involves reflex arcs, such as the knee-jerk reflex.

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

Composed of sensory (afferent) neurons and motor (efferent) neurons.

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

Includes spinal nerves and cranial nerves that relay sensory and motor information.

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

is the part of the nervous system that controls involuntary bodily functions, such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and breathing.

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

3 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

1.Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) – "Fight or Flight" 2.Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) – "Rest and Digest" 3. Enteric Nervous System (ENS) – "The Second Brain"

Prepares the body for stressful or emergency situations

Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) – "Fight or Flight"

Increases heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate while inhibiting digestion.

Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) – "Fight or Flight"

Originates from T1-L2 spinal segments (thoracolumbar division).

Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) – "Fight or Flight"

* Promotes relaxation, energy conservation, and digestion. * Slows heart rate and increases digestive processes.

Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) – "Rest & Digest"

* Originates from the brainstem and sacral spinal cord (craniosacral division).

Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) – "Rest & Digest"

major nerve of pns: __ controls most parasympathetic functions.

Vagus Nerve (Cranial Nerve X)

is a specialized division of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) that controls the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

Enteric Nervous System (ENS)

It is sometimes called the "second brain" because it can function independently of the Central Nervous System (CNS),

Enteric Nervous System (ENS)

ENS consists of two major plexuses (nerve networks)

Myenteric Plexus (Auerbach’s Plexus) Submucosal Plexus (Meissner’s Plexus)

Located between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers of the GI tract.

Myenteric Plexus (Auerbach’s Plexus)

Controls gut motility (peristalsis and segmentation movements).

Myenteric Plexus (Auerbach’s Plexus)

Located in the submucosa layer of the intestine.

Submucosal Plexus (Meissner’s Plexus)

Regulates enzyme secretion, blood flow, and absorption of nutrients

Submucosal Plexus (Meissner’s Plexus)

Main control center Controls vital reflexes

Hypothalamus Brainstem