prelim lesson 4 cell part 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Chromosome means: chroma - __; some - __
A
color; body
2
Q
seen during metaphase stage of mitosis
A
Chromosomes
3
Q
in 1875 discovered thread-like structures which appeared during cell division.
A
E. Strasburger
4
Q
coined the term chromosome first time in 1888.
A
Waldeyer
5
Q
is found in somatic cell and is represented by __
A
somatic chromosome number; 2n (Diploid).
6
Q
is half of the somatic chromosome
numbers and represented by ___
A
gametic chromosome number; n (Haploid).
7
Q
The two copies of chromosome are ordinarily identical in morphology,
gene content and gene order, they are known as
A
homologues chromosomes.
8
Q
that control characters other than sex characters or carry
genes for somatic characters.
A
Autosomes
9
Q
(2N where N- chromosome number) have two homologous copies of each chromosome.
A
Diploid cells
10
Q
body cells of animals are.
A
diploid
11
Q
(N) have only one copy of each chromosome.
A
- Haploid cells
12
Q
(the shorter of the two)
(the longer).
A
p
q
13
Q
is the most suitable stage for studies on chromosome morphology.
A
Mitotic metaphase
14
Q
Chromosomes are thin, coiled, elastic, thread-like structures during the
A
interphase
15
Q
Each metaphase chromosome appears to be longitudinally divided into two identical parts each of which is called
A
chromatid
16
Q
Both the chromatids of a chromosome appear to be joined together at a
point known as
A
centromere
17
Q
the two chromatids making up a chromosome are produced
through replication of a single chromatid during synthesis (S) phase of interphase, they are referred to as
A
sister chromatids
18
Q
the chromatids of homologous chromosomes are known as
A
non-sister chromatids
19
Q
Each chromosome has a constriction
point called the
A
centromere
20
Q
which divides the
chromosome into two sections or arms.
A
Kinetochore
21
Q
The p arm is named for “__” meaning “__”;
A
petite; small
22
Q
the q arm is named __
because it follows p in the alphabet.
A
q simply
23
Q
The two ends of a chromosome
are known as
A
telomeres,
24
Q
Useful in identifying a
chromosome from a set.
A
SECONDARY CONSTRICTION
25
between
the secondary constriction and
nearest telomere and chromosomes
that possess this region called as
satellite chromosome or sat
chromosome.
26
A small chromosomal segment
separated from the main body of the
chromosome by a secondary
constriction is called
Satellite.
27
the longest and thinnest during interphase
(resting stage) and hence not visible under light microscope.
chromosomes
28
is NOT proportional to the number of genes present
on the chromosome.
Chromosome size
29
Chromosomes are classified according
to the centromere position:
* At one end: Acrocentric
* Closer to one end: Submetacentric
* Middle: Metacentric
* Terminal: Telocentric
30
midway
between each end and thereby two
arms are roughly equal in length.
centromere
31
take V
shape during anaphase.
Metacentric chromosome
32
is located on one side
of the central point of a
chromosome.
Submetacentric Chromosome
33
submacentric chromosome may
be___or ___ during anaphase.
J or L shaped
34
`close to
one end of chromosomes.
Acrocentric Chromosome
35
(The "acro-" in acrocentric
refers to the Greek word for "___").
peak
36
is so short that is
hard to observe, but still present.
p (short) arm
37
may be
rod shape during anaphase.
Acrocentric chromosome
38
(at terminal part of chromosome)
Telocentric Chromosome
39
MEMORIZE!
* Acentric: without any centromere
* Mono centric: with one
centromere
* Dicentric : with two centromeres
* Polycentric: with more than two
centromeres
MEMORIZE!
* Acentric: without any centromere
* Mono centric: with one
centromere
* Dicentric : with two centromeres
* Polycentric: with more than two
centromeres
40
The DNA double helix in the cell
nucleus is packaged by special
proteins termed
histones
41
The formed protein/DNA complex is
called
chromatin.
42
The structural entity of chromatin is
the
nucleosome
43
Basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes
NUCLEOSOME
44
147 base pairs of DNA wrapped in
1.67 left-handed superhelical turns
NUCLEOSOME
45
Transcriptionally inactive
HETEROCHROMATIN
46
Often (but not always) under active transcription
EUCHROMATIN
47
Regular sequence of events
that produce new cells.
CELL CYCLE
48
Pre-requisite stage before a cell
undergoes mitosis
INTERPHASE
49
This phase is where the cell spends
most of its time, specifically 20 hours
a day.
INTERPHASE
50
Where the cell grows and functions normally
GAP 1 PHASE (G1)
51
Not considered to be part of interphase
GAP 0 PHASE (G0)
52
Cell cycle activities may be temporarily or permanently
suspended
GAP 0 PHASE (G0)
53
can occur in S phase.
Genetic Mutation:
54
makes DNA strands linear, straight, long, uncoiled,
thin, and not condensed.
HISTONE:
55
makes DNA strands coiled, crumpled, and condensed to avoid unnecessary replication/duplication
PROTAMINE:
56
Is linear, a higher concentration of Histone, in contrary to
that of Protamine, is observed.
S phase
57
Period of preparation for mitosis
interphase
58
CDK-1 means?
cyclin derived kinase-1
59
cell division cycle expressed gene;
CDC-2
60
pre-MPF
pre-maturation promoting factors
61
Karyokinesis came from two Greek words: _____ and
___;
Mitosis came from __ (thread: pertaining to chromatin) and ___ (process/condition/status).
Karyon(nucleus);Kinesis (movement)
Mitos;Osis
62
is defined as the nuclear division of
biological cells.
karyokinesis-mitosis
63
Period of cell division
MITOSIS
64
first phase of mitosis,
PROPHASE
65
The complex of DNA and
proteins contained in the
nucleus,
chromatin
66
increases making the DNA strands of the cell start to condense, to contract, and to coil (identifier that the cell is at
prophase stage).
Protamine concentration
67
the cell proceeds to which occurs before metaphase.
Prometaphase:
68
chromosomes
condense and move
together, aligning in the
center of the dividing cell.
METAPHASE
69
The process that separates
the duplicated genetic
material carried in the
nucleus of a parent cell into
two identical daughter
cells.
ANAPHASE
70
Each daughter cell
receives half of all doubled
chromosome material and thus
maintains the same number of
chromosomes as the mother
cell.
TELOPHASE
71
Indirect process required by Mitosis; Condition of cytoplasm division.
CYTOKINESIS
72
The cell division that takes place in the germ cells to generate
male and female gametes,
MEIOSIS
73
The cells produced are HAPLOID,
MEIOSIS
74
* Came from two Greek words: __ (to reduce, to diminish,
a lessening) and Osis (process/condition/status);
Meion
75
Each of the PMAT of meiosis is intervened by a real resting stage called ____ which lasts for 2 to
3 hours.
INTERKINESIS
76
increase in histone
concentration.
Leptotene/Leptonema
77
synapsis of
homologous chromosomes
Zygotene/Zygonema
78
would result to a crossing over or
an exchange of genetic material
between the maternal and paternal
homologous chromosomes
Pachytene/Pachynema
79
sub-stage where the egg cell
will stop dividing for the first
time.
Diplotene/Dictyate
80
This is
the movement or
parting of two
strands.
Diakinesis
81
The daughter cell that
receives little amount of
cytoplasm is called
a polar body and dies via atresia
82
Has a similar process as mitosis.
MEIOSIS II
83
the characteristic of the genetic material and end progeny are
halved and doubled, respectively.
MEIOSIS II
84
MEMORIZE!
*Before M1 – parent cell is diploid (44
chromosomes + 2 allosomes)
*After M1 – daughter cells are haploid (22 chromosomes + 1 allosome)
*Interkinesis
*After M2 – daughter cells are haploid
(22chromatids + 1⁄2 allosome)
MEMORIZE!
*Before M1 – parent cell is diploid (44
chromosomes + 2 allosomes)
*After M1 – daughter cells are haploid (22 chromosomes + 1 allosome)
*Interkinesis
*After M2 – daughter cells are haploid
(22chromatids + 1⁄2 allosome)
85
is a cell division that produces two diploid cells
Mitosis
86
involves two cell divisions and produce 4 haploid cells
Meiosis
87
Process of generating female
seed
OOGENESIS
88
Process starts from the 5th month of gestation to up to 44
years of age
OOGENESIS
89
From the Greek words
* -___ meaning a process or a
condition or a status
* -___ meaning female seed
* -___ meaning to come
up with or to produce
osis
osis
genan
90
34-35 days to complete PGCs come from epiblasts that fail to undergo gastrulation (the process by which epiblasts differentiate into the three different germ layers, the ectoderm, endoderm and the mesoderm)
Oocytogenesis
91
is required to overcome the first arrest state and to resume meiosis I
Puberty
92
happens regularly monthly for regularly menstruating
females
Ovulation
93
Process of expulsion or extrusion of maturing egg cells
from the flesh of the ovary to the Fallopian tube’s ampulla
through the stigma
Ovulation
94
Starts at age 9 and ends at 44
Ovulation
95
Last cellular checkpoint if egg cell achieved full maturation
Fertilization
96
Requires only 74 days for each cycle
SPERMATOGENESIS
97
No arrest, progeny of spermatid
Meiosis II
98
13 days to 22 days because of arrest state
Spermatidogenesis
99
* process takes 4 days
Spermatocytogenesis
100
* Spermatid to sperm like and 13.5 days
Spermiogenesis
101
* Immature, immotile,incapableof fertilization
Spermiation
102
Act of releasing mature, motile, but incapable of fertilization sperm cells
Ejaculation
103
Period of conditioning
Capacitation
104
Nourish the PGC from 3rd week to year 10
SERTOLI CELLS
105
Participate in the blood-testis barrier
SERTOLI CELLS
106
Synthesis of androgen-binding protein
SERTOLI CELLS
107
Synthesis of inhibin
Synthesis of anti-Mullerian Hormone or Mullerian
inhibitin substance
SERTOLI CELLS
108
testosterone/androgen as early as 8th week of gestation;
LEYDIG CELLS
