prelim genetics lesson 2 intro to gen

Question 1

Derived from the Greek root “Gen” which means “to __” or “to__”.

Answer 1

become or grow into

Question 2

Branch of biology concerned with the

Answer 2

study of inheritance

Question 3

study of inheritance,

Answer 3

genetics

Question 4

Why family members look alike

Answer 4

GENETICS

Question 5

Why some diseases like diabetes or cancer run in families.

Answer 5

GENETICS

Question 6

What makes you unique, or one of a kind.

Answer 6

GENETICS

Question 7

proposed the theory that a
moist vapor descends from the brain,

Answer 7

Pythagoras (500 B.C)

Question 8

proposed the theory that
each parent produces ‘a semen’ which
arises directly from various parts of the body.

Answer 8

Empedocles

Question 9

thought that the semen of men has some “Vitalizing” effect and he considered it as the highly purified blood.

Answer 9

Aristotle

Question 10

According to him the mother furnishes
inert matter and the father gives the life- giving power, “dynamic” to the new life

Answer 10

Aristotle

Question 11

He believed that inheritance was conveyed via the blood

Answer 11

Aristotle

Question 12

The PREFORMATION theory was proposed by two Dutch biologists,

Answer 12

Swammerdam and Bonnet (1720-
1793).

Question 13

This theory states that a miniature human called “homunculus ” was already preformed in the egg and sperm.

Answer 13

PREFORMATION THEORY

Question 14

The development of zygote
resulted only in the growth of a miniature human who was already present in the egg and sperm.
However, this theory was rejected because this could

Answer 14

not be proved scientifically.

Question 15

THEORY OF EPIGENETICS was proposed by ___ a German biologist and it states that egg or sperm cells do not contain miniature human

Answer 15

Wolff (1738- 1794),

Question 16

gametes contained undifferentiated living substance capable of forming the organized body after fertilization. This proposition was called as

Answer 16

epigenetic concept

Question 17

THEORY OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERS This concept was proposed by ____ a French biologist.

Answer 17

Lamarck (1744-1829)

Question 18

new character once
acquired by an individual shall pass on
to its progeny.

Answer 18

Lamarck

Question 19

This theory was disproved by __.He cut the tail of mice for successive generations and always got the baby mice with tail. Thus, this theory was rejected .

Answer 19

Weismann; THEORY OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERS

Question 20

This theory THEORY OF PANGENES was proposed by __, an English naturalist.

Answer 20

Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882)

Question 21

According to him, each part of the animal body produces a minute copy of its own, called

Answer 21

gemmule or pangene

Question 22

theory of pangenesis is also known as
the “___”.

Answer 22

theory of blending inheritance

Question 23

He developed the theory of natural
selection,

Answer 23

Charles Darwin

Question 24

the idea that members of a
population who are better adapted to their environment will be the ones most likely to survive and pass their traits on to the next generation.

Answer 24

theory of natural selection

Question 25

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

Answer 25

(1859)

Question 26

This theory GERMPLASM THEORY was advocated by ____ a German biologist.

Answer 26

August Weismann (1834-1914),

Question 27

According to this theory, organism’s body contains two types of cells namely

Answer 27

somatic cells and reproductive cells.

Question 28

The somatic cell form the ___ and its various organ systems, while the reproductive cells form __ and ___.

Answer 28

body , sperm and ova.

Question 29

somatic cells contain the___ and reproductive cells contain the___

Answer 29

“somatoplasm” ; “germplasm”.

Question 30

Changes in the somatic cells (somatoplasm), which were caused by the environment, cannot influence the germplasm and hence acquired characters are not inherited

Answer 30

GERMPLASM THEORY

Question 31

Before Mendel’s experiment and ideas, Genetics was

Answer 31

PRE-MENDELIAN EXPERIMENTS, poorly understood

Question 32

conducted experiments on pea much before Mendel but failed to formulate the laws of inheritance because he could not use the mathematics to his results.

Answer 32

Knight (1779)

Question 33

a German botanist performed hybridization experiments in tobacco and compared the hybrids with their parents. He demonstrated that the hybrids may resemble one or the other parent or may be intermediate between them. He also showed that both the parents make equal contributions to the hybrids.

Answer 33

J. Kolreuter (1733-1806),

Question 34

done experiments similar to Kolreuter and they observed the similar results. However they could not apply mathematics to their results.

Answer 34

Gartner and Naudin

Question 35

developed the understanding genetics by experimenting garden peas (Pisum sativum).

Answer 35

Gregor Mendel

Question 36

Father of Modern Genetics

Answer 36

Gregor Mendel

Question 37

Austrian biologist, meteorologist, and Augustinian Priest

Answer 37

Gregor Mendel

Question 38

wherein he showed that “factors of inheritance” are transferred from parents to offspring.

Answer 38

Gregor Mendel

Question 39

Gregor Mendel conducted carefully designed experiments with nearly ____ pea plants (Pisum sativum)

Answer 39

30,000

Question 40

because they are easy to grow, easy to artificially hybridize (self-pollinating plants),

Answer 40

pea plants (Pisum sativum)

Question 41

has a short life cycle, with many offsprings in a single cross, and the presence of contrasting traits (alleles), and his use of pure breeds (homozygous pure lines).

Answer 41

pea plants (Pisum sativum)

Question 42

* According to Mendel, genetic material of organisms exist in pairs (____) and segregate during gamete formation.

Answer 42

alleles

Question 43

are responsible for observable characteristics

Answer 43

genotype

Question 44

as result of fertilization.

Answer 44

phenotype

Question 45

A string of complex molecules called

Answer 45

nucleotides

Question 46

It contains the genetic information of life and acts as a set of instructions for how to build and maintain you.

Answer 46

dna

Question 47

DNA is found in the heart of almost every human cell, in an area called the

Answer 47

nucleus

Question 48

is unique, unless you’re an identical twin.

Answer 48

DNA

Question 49

A short section of DNA

Answer 49

GENE

Question 50

Scientists think our genetic code contains around

Answer 50

23,000 genes

Question 51

Genes are instructions that our cells use to make molecules called

Answer 51

proteins

Question 52

To strengthen them and keep them safe DNA is looped and coiled into a structure called a

Answer 52

chromosome

Question 53

are formed before cells divide.

Answer 53

Chromosomes

Question 54

An organism’s complete set of DNA

Answer 54

GENOME

Question 55

An individual inherits two alleles for each gene, one from each parent.

Answer 55

ALLELES

Question 56

the set of genes in our DNA which is responsible for a particular trait.

Answer 56

GENOTYPE

Question 57

physical expression, or characteristics, of that trait.

Answer 57

PHENOTYPE

Question 58

PP and pp are alleles of the pea plant flower color.

Answer 58

GENOTYPE

Question 59

PP is for purple flowers, pp is for white flowers.

Answer 59

PP is for purple flowers, pp is for white flowers.

Question 60

An organism that has the same two copies of a gene is considered

Answer 60

HOMOZYGOUS

Question 61

An organism that has different copies of a gene

Answer 61

HETEROZYGOUS

Question 62

Denoted by using capital letters. Example traits: Dark hair, Curly hair, Baldness, Widow’s peak, Freckles, Right handedness

Answer 62

DOMINANT

Question 63

expressed and overrules the recessive gene.

Answer 63

DOMINANT

Question 64

Denoted by using lower case letter. * Example traits: Blonde or red hair, Straight hair, Straight hairline, Round eyes, Left handedness, Blue eyes

Answer 64

RECESSIVE

Question 65

Basic principles of genetics which is the transmission of genetic material from one generation to the other.

Answer 65

TRANSMISSION GENETICS/ CLASSICAL GENETICS

Question 66

Focuses on individual organisms and emphasize the relationship between chromosomes and heredity,

Answer 66

TRANSMISSION GENETICS/ CLASSICAL GENETICS

Question 67

* Study on the chemical nature (structure and function) of genes.

Answer 67

MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS

Question 68

Emphasize on how genetic information is encoded, replicated and processed. The cellular processes of transcription and translation gene regulation, the process that controls the expression of genetic information.

Answer 68

MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS

Question 69

Study of behavior and effects of genes in population, often using mathematical models

Answer 69

POPULATION AND BIOMETRICAL GENETICS

Question 70

Focuses on the group of genes found in a population and emphasizes on how genetic composition of a group changes over time. This can include quantitative genetics and ecological genetics

Answer 70

POPULATION AND BIOMETRICAL GENETICS

Question 71

Studies the influence of varying genetics on animal behavior, the effects of human disorders as well as its causes; has yielded some very interesting questions

Answer 71

BEHAVIORAL GENETICS

Question 72

Diagnosis, treatment, and counseling of patients with genetic disorders or syndromes

Answer 72

CLINICAL GENETICS

Question 73

6 application of genetics

Answer 73

* TRANSGENICS * AGRICULTURE * INDUSTRY * FORENSIC SCIENCE * HEALTH AND MEDICAL * ENVIRONMENT

Question 74

Refers to an organism or cell whose genome has been altered by the introduction of one or more foreign DNA sequences from another species by artificial means.

Answer 74

TRANSGENIC

Question 75

Provide some synthetically produced raw materials for industries

Answer 75

INDUSTRY

Question 76

* Genetic fingerprinting * Forensic of crime scene * Detection of mother and father of fetus

Answer 76

FORENSIC SCIENCES

Question 77

* Involves mating two members of a species each of whom possesses one or more different and desirable traits in order to create a hybrid individual possessing both traits.

Answer 77

Classical animal and plant breeding

Question 78

* Chromosomal abnormalities * Production of vaccines, antibodies, vitamins, insulin * Gene therapy * Fetus designing Accurate diagnosis of diseases

Answer 78

HEALTH AND MEDICAL

Question 79

Does not involve any direct manipulation of genetic material; therefore, are classified as

Answer 79

non-genetically modified (non-GMO).

Question 80

Involves using enzymes and various laboratory techniques to manipulate and isolate DNA segments of interest.

Answer 80

Recombinant DNA technology

Question 81

has been successfully applied to make important proteins used in the treatment of human diseases, such as insulin and growth hormone.

Answer 81

Recombinant DNA technology

Question 82

mutate the DNA in a way that stops the gene’s expression permanently.

Answer 82

Gene knockout

Question 83

damage specific genes, making them non-functional.

Answer 83

Gene knockout

Question 84

Increase understanding of how diseases occur.

Answer 84

Stem cells

Question 85

Generate healthy cells to replace cells affected by disease (regenerative medicine).

Answer 85

Stem cells

Question 86

Test new drugs for safety and effectiveness.

Answer 86

Stem cells

Question 87

– an organism that is a product of genetic engineering.

Answer 87

Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)

Question 88

Any organism that has the genetic material from some other organism.

Answer 88

Transgenic

Question 89

vehicle for transferring the recombinant DNA (altered genetic material) into the organism of interest. Ex. Plasmid and Viruses

Answer 89

Vector

Question 90

a circular DNA usually found in bacteria and yeast, commonly used for genetic engineering.

Answer 90

Plasmid

Question 91

Genetic engineering, sometimes called

Answer 91

genetic modification,

Question 92

is the process of altering the DNA in an organism’s genome using biotechnology tools or techniques.

Answer 92

​Genetic Engineering

Question 93

Human gene that encodes for insulin production were inserted to a bacterial ___ (circular DNA) using enzymes to form the_____

Answer 93

plasmid; recombinant DNA

Question 94

CRISPR means?

Answer 94

“Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats”

Question 95

is a gene-editing technology that targets specific stretches of genetic code and edit DNA at precise locations.

Answer 95

“CRISPR-Cas9”

Question 96

is guided with specific guide RNA to cut at points around specific target where new gene can be inserted.

Answer 96

Cas9

Question 97

is a new type of rice that contains beta carotene (provitamin A, a plant pigment that the body converts into vitamin A as needed).

Answer 97

Golden Rice

Question 98

is the first cloned sheep using nuclear transfer, by transferring the nucleus from an adult mammary gland cell into an unfertilized premature egg.

Answer 98

Dolly the sheep

Question 99

* Dolly is named after the country singer, * Dolly the sheep died at the age of

Answer 99

Dolly Parton; 6