- Increase gastric H+ secretion - Increase growth of gastric mucosa - Increase gastric motility - Stimulate ECL cells to release Histamine (which also stimulates parietal cells to release H+)

- Increase pancreatic HCO3- secretion - Decrease gastric acid secretion - Increase bile secretion

- Decrease gastric acid and pepsin secretion - Decrease fluid secretion from pancreas and small intestine - Decrease gall bladder contraction - Decrease insulin and glucagon release

- Increase intestinal water and electrolyte secretion - Increase relaxation of intestinal smooth muscle and sphincters

GI Flashcards by Rachael Petry

Cholecystokinin source

I cells (duodenum, jejunum)

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Gastrin source

G cells (antrum of stomach)

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Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic peptide source

K cells (duodenum, jejunum)

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Motilin source

Small intestine

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Secretin source

S cells (duodenum)

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Somatostatin source

D cells (pancreatic islets, GI mucosa)

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VIP source

Parasympathetic ganglia in sphincters, gallbladder and small intestine

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Intrinsic factor source

Parietal cells (stomach)

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Gastric acid source

Parietal cells (stomach)

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Pepsin source

Chief cells (stomach)

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HCO3- source

Mucosal cells (stomach, duodenum, salivary glands, pancreas)
Brunner glands (duodenum)

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Cholecystokinin action

Increase pancreatic secretion
Increase gallbladder contraction
Delay gastric emptying
Increase sphincter of Oddi relaxation

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Gastrin action

Increase gastric H+ secretion
Increase growth of gastric mucosa
Increase gastric motility
Stimulate ECL cells to release Histamine (which also stimulates parietal cells to release H+)

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Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide action

Exocrine: decrease H+ secretion
Endocrine: increase insulin release

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Motilin action

Produces migrating motor complexes (MMCs)

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Secretin action

Increase pancreatic HCO3- secretion
Decrease gastric acid secretion
Increase bile secretion

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Somatostatin action

Decrease gastric acid and pepsin secretion
Decrease fluid secretion from pancreas and small intestine
Decrease gall bladder contraction
Decrease insulin and glucagon release

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Nitric oxide action (in GI)

-Increase SM relaxation (including LED)

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VIP action

Increase intestinal water and electrolyte secretion

- Increase relaxation of intestinal smooth muscle and sphincters

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Intrinsic factor action

Binds Vitamin B12 so that it can be taken up in the terminal ileum

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Gastric acid action

Decrease stomach pH

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Pepsin action

Protein digestion

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HCO3- action

neutralize action

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What is increased with fatty acids and amino acids ONLY?

Cholecystokinin

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What is increased with fatty acids, amino acids, and oral glucose?

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide

What is increased with stomach distention/alkalinization, amino acids (phenylalanine and tryptophan), peptides, and vagal stimulation but decreased by stomach pH <1.5?

Gastrin

What is increased in fasting state?

motilin

Name a motilin receptor agonist used to stimulate intestinal peristalsis?

Erythromcin

What is increased by acid and fatty acids in lumen of duodenum?

Secretin

What is increased by acid but decreased by vagal stimulation?

somatostatin

What is increased by distention and vagal stimulation and decreased by vagal input?

VIP

What are the symptoms of a VIPoma?

- Watery diarrhea - Hypokalemia - Achlorhydria

What is increased by histamine, Ach, and gastrin but decreased by somatostatin, GIP, prostaglandin and secretin?

gastric acid

What is increased by vagal stimulation and local acid?

pepsin

What is increased by pancreatic and biliary secretion with secretin?

HCO3-

What are two pathological things that can lead to increased gastrin?

- Zollinger-Ellison syndrome | - Chronic PPI use

What is glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide known as?

GIP

Why is GIP significant for oral v. IV glucose?

Oral glucose load used more rapidly than IV due to GIP

Why is secretin important?

Increases HCO3- to allow pancreatic enzymes to function in duodenum

What is one of the underlying causes of achlasia?

Loss of NO secretion leading to increased LES tone

Why does atropine not block G cells?

vagal stimulation of G cells is through GRP not Ach (like with parietal cells)

Where is gastrin released?

into circulation (NOT into stomach)

What does falciform ligament connect?

Liver to anterior abdominal wall

What is contained in falciform ligament?

Ligamentum teres hepatis (fetal umbilical vein)

What does the hepatoduodenal ligament connect?

liver to duodenum

What does the hepatoduodenal ligament contain?

Portal triad (proper hepatic artery, portal vein, common bile duct)

What does the gastroheptic ligament connect?

liver to lesser curvature of stomach

What does the gastroheptic ligament contain?

gastric arteries

What separates greater and lesser omental sacs on the left?

gastrosplenic ligament

What separates greater and lesser sacs on the right?

gastrohepatic ligament

What does the gastrocolic ligament connect?

greater curvature and transverse colon

What does the gastrocolic ligament contain?

gastroepiploic arteries

What does the gastrosplenic ligament connect?

greater curvature and spleen

What does the gastrosplenic ligament contain?

Short gastrics | Left gastroepiploic vessels

What does the splenorenal ligament connect?

Spleen to posterior abdominal wall

What does the splenorenal ligament contain?

Splenic artery and vein; tail of pancreas

Part of GI with plicae circulares and crypts of Lieberkuhn

jejunum

Part of GI with crypts of Lieberkuhn, no villi and numerous goblet cells

colon

Part of GI with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

esophagus

Part of GI with villi and microvilli, Brunner glands, and crypts of Lieberkuhn

Duodenum

Part of GI with tons of goblet cells, Peyer patches, plicae circulares (proximally) and crypts of Lieberkuhn

Ileum