Renal Flashcards
(80 cards)
What cells release erythropoietin?
Interstitial cells in the peritubular capillary bed
What cells activate 25-OH-vitamin D?
Proximal tubule cells
What enzyme is used to convert 25-OH-vitamin D to active form?
1-alpha-hydroxylase
What cells release renin?
JG cells (afferent arteriole)
What is the action of prostaglandins in the glomerulus?
vasodilate afferent arteriole to increase RBF
What is the action of ang II at the glomerulus?
vasoconstrict efferent arteriole to increase GFR and FF (and to reabsorb Na from the proximal and distal nephron)
What is the role of ANP at the glomerulus?
Increase GFR and increase Na filtration with NO compensatory Na reabsorption (volume loss and Na loss)
What is the overall effect of aldosterone on the glomerulus?
Increases Na reabsorption
Increases K secretion
Increases H secretion
What things lead to K+ shift OUT of cells?
Digitalis hyperOsmolarity Lysis of cells Acidosis Beta-blockers Insulin deficiency
(DO LAB for insulin deficiency)
What things cause K+ shift IN to cells?
hypoosmolarity
Insulin (increase Na/K ATPase)
Alkalosis
Beta-agonists (increase Na/K ATPase)
Electrolyte deficiency: nausea, malaise, stupor, coma
Na
Electrolyte deficiency: tetany, torsades de pointes
Mg
Electrolyte deficiency: bone loss, osteomalacia
PO4
Electrolyte deficiency: U waves on ECG, flattened T waves, arrhythmias, muscle weakness
K
Electrolyte deficiency: Tetany, seizures, QT prolongation
Ca
Electrolyte surplus: low DTRs, lethargy, bradycardia, hypotension, cardiac arrest, hypocalcemia
Mg
Electrolyte surplus: Renal stones, metastatic calcifications, hypocalcemia
PO4
Electrolyte surplus: irritability, stupor, coma
Na
Electrolyte surplus: kidney stones, bone pains, abdominal pain, anxiety, alteredmential status
Ca
Electrolyte surplus: Wide QRS, peaked T waves on ECG, arrhythmias, muscle weakness
K
Causes of Respiratory Acidosis (Pco2 > 40)
Hypoventilation (airway obstruction, acute lung disease, chronic lung disease, opioids, weak respiratory muscles)
Causes of metabolic acidosis (high anion gap > 8-12)
MUDPILES: Methanol Uremia DKA Propylene glycol Iron tablets; INH Lactic acidosis Ethylene glycol (oxalic acid) Salicylates (late)
Cuases of non-anion gap metabolic acidosis (8-12)
HARD-ASS Hyperalimentation Addison disease Renal tubular acidosis Diarrhea Acetazolamide Spironolactone Saline infusion
Causes of Respiratory Alkalosis (Pco2 < 40)
Hyperventilation (hysteria, hypoxemia, salicylates (early), tumor, pulmonary embolism)
