Harmful Traditional Practices

Question 1

-HTPs are long-standing cultural, social, or religious practices that may be __________ within certain communities but have ________ effects on health and ______________.

Answer 1

accepted

negative

human rights.

Question 2

In maternal health, these HTPs can increase the risk of _________ , _________, or _________ for both mothers and newborns.

Answer 2

infection ; injury

death

Question 3

HTPs are culturally ________ behaviors, rituals, or customs that are passed down through ________ but pose serious risks to _________ , well-being, and human rights

Answer 3

accepted

generations

health

Question 4

HTPs are often deeply rooted in ___________, social norms, and limited ________ to education and healthcare services

Answer 4

gender inequality

access

Question 5

In the context of maternal and child health, these practices disproportionately affect __________ and ___________ , increasing
their vulnerability to ________ , _________ during childbirth, and even _________.

Answer 5

women and newborns

infection; complications

death

Question 6

International Legal Frameworks Addressing HTPs

HTPs are explicitly addressed within major international human rights frameworks that aim to protect the health, dignity, and rights of women and children.
-_________________________(CRC), Article 24(3):
This article requires States to take all effective measures to abolish _______________ prejudicial to the ________ of children.

Answer 6

Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)

traditional practices

health

Question 7

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW):
-CEDAW explicitly addresses HTPs as part of its mandate to eliminate discrimination against _________.
>It calls on __________ to modify social and cultural patterns of conduct that perpetuate discrimination and violence
against women, including practices harmful to their health and well-being.
> This includes harmful practices during pregnancy, childbirth, and beyond, such as female genital mutilation, early marriage, and other culturally sanctioned actions that violate women’s rights.

Answer 7

women.

States

Question 8

(CEDAW) __________________________________

Answer 8

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women

Question 9

Common Types of Harmful Traditional Practices

Efidan is a harmful traditional practice found in some Nigerian
communities, involving intentional __________________ , often on _____________

It is performed as a _____________________ or for perceived __________ and social status

Answer 9

skin cutting or scarring

adolescents

cultural rite of passage

beauty

Question 10

Efidan

The procedure is usually done with _________ instruments by _________ individuals, posing serious health risks such as infection, excessive bleeding, and disease transmission

Answer 10

non-sterile

untrained

Question 11

Efidan

• Boys may undergo the cuts as a sign of _________, _________, or readiness for adult responsibilities.
• Girls may be subjected to the practice as a marker of _________, identity, or transition into _________.

Answer 11

courage ; maturity,

beauty ; womanhood.

Question 12

Force feeding
Sometimes children do not desire to eat food, but parents want them to eat
•If a child does not want to swallow watery food, then the parents or caregivers put the kid’s head _____________, close the _________ and pour the food to the mouth when the kid ————-

Answer 12

between legs

nostrils ; cries

Question 13

Force feeding

• If the kids are _______ during this procedure, then it’s a good sign for a parent to feed them
  -This practices may lead to ____________,___________________ and ____________

Answer 13

crying

choking ; chemical pneumonitis

aspiration pneumonia.

Question 14

Food Taboos
•Food taboos represents (written or unwritten?) social rules mainly based on __________ and/or __________ reasons that regulate food consumption in a community

Answer 14

unwritten ; religious

historical.

Question 15

Food taboos can contribute to malnutrition, anemia, low birth weight, or stunted growth if they lead to dietary restrictions during critical life stages like ___________,____________, or ___________

Answer 15

pregnancy ; lactation

childhood.

Question 16

Forced /Arranged marriage
>The main victims of early marriage are __________
•The marriage age for them is considered to be around _____ years old. Still, some girls enter the puberty period in the house of the husband.
• Sometimes they can be married to a man much ________, then they are.
•The violence occurs when a girl __________________________________.

Answer 16

young girls.

12

older

refuses to marry or have sex with a husband

Question 17

Child/Early Marriage
-Child marriage is therefore marriage before the age of ________.
- The term ‘child marriage’ is used to refer to both formal marriages and informal unions in which a girl or boy lives with a partner as if married before the age of ________.

Answer 17

18.

18.

Question 18

NB: An arranged marriage involves choice and consent between _____________, while child marriage involves __________ who cannot legally or meaningfully consent, making it inherently _________ and ___________ under international standards.

Answer 18

adults

minors

harmful

illegal

Question 19

Child’s Labor/Abuse

Child labor and abuse refer to the ___________ of children through ______ or ___________ treatment that violates their rights and well-being.
-Child labor involves children engaging in work that is mentally, physically, socially, or morally ___________ and harmful, often interfering with their ___________ and ___________.

Answer 19

exploitation ; work ; harmful

dangerous ; education

development.

Question 20

Child abuse includes physical, emotional, sexual harm, or neglect inflicted on a child by caregivers or others.

T/F

Answer 20

T

Question 21

Blood vengeance
> Blood vengeance, also known as __________ or __________, is a traditional practice where families or communities seek __________ for a __________ or serious offense by retaliating with __________, often resulting in cycles of revenge between groups.

Answer 21

blood feud ; revenge killing,

retribution ; killing

violence

Question 22

Blood vengeance

It is usually driven by the desire to restore _________ or _________

Often leads to ongoing conflict, loss of lives, and insecurity within communities
•Can involve entire _________ or clans and last for _________

Answer 22

honor ; justice

families ; generations

Question 23

Blood vengeance Violates human rights and the rule of law.

T/F

Answer 23

T

Question 24

Female Genital Mutilation
> FGM refers to the partial or total _________ of ____________ or other injury to the female genital _______ for _____________ reasons.

Answer 24

removal ; external female genitalia

organs ; non-medical reasons.

Question 25

BENEFITS of FGM

Answer 25

~ It is practiced in some communities as a cultural, religious, or social tradition. FGM has no health benefits and can cause severe physical and psychological harm.

Question 26

Virginity test > A virginity test is a practice intended to determine whether a woman or girl is _________ usually by examining the _________ or assessing physical sign. It is based on _________ and _________ about female _________ and _________

Answer 26

sexually "pure," hymen ; myths ; misconceptions anatomy ; sexuality

Question 27

Virginity tests have some scientific or medical validity T/F

Answer 27

F They have none

Question 28

Virginity test They violate privacy, dignity, and human rights - Often used to control women's _________ and enforce social norms -Causes physical and psychological harm, including trauma and stigma.

Answer 28

sexuality

Question 29

Breast Ironing •Breast ironing is a traditional practice involving the _________ or _________ of a girl's developing breasts using _________ or _________ objects, with the intention of ____________________.

Answer 29

pounding ; massaging hard ; heated delaying breast growth.

Question 30

Breast ironing It is practiced in some African communities as a way to _______________ from early sexual attention, harassment, or forced marriage. -The process can cause ______, ______ , ___________ , and long-term physical damage. - It may lead to infections, cysts, and psychological trauma. - Breast ironing violates girls' rights to health and bodily integrity.

Answer 30

protect girls pain; bruising; swelling

Question 31

Witch burning > Witch burning is a harmful traditional practice where individuals, mostly ________, accused of _________ are subjected to torture, persecution, or even killed by _________. > Accusations often target vulnerable individuals, such as _________________ or those marginalized in society.

Answer 31

women ; witchcraft burning ; elderly women

Question 32

Wife Inheritance Traditions Wife inheritance is a traditional practice where, upon the __________ of a husband, his widow is "__________" or married by a male relative of the deceased, often a brother or cousin. It is practiced in some African cultures to provide social and __________ security for the widow and her children. The widow may have __________ or ______choice in the arrangement.

Answer 32

death "inherited" economic ; little ; no

Question 33

Widowhood Practices and Inheritance - Widowhood practices and inheritance refer to the __________ customs and laws that affect widows after the death of their husbands, including their ________ rights, and ________ to property.

Answer 33

cultural social status rights access

Question 34

Widowhood practices and inheritance In some communites, widows lace muals that may Include ___________ , ___________ ceremonies, or ___________ on their behavior and dress. Widows may be pressured or forced to marry a relative of the deceased husband (________________). -

Answer 34

Isolation ; cleansing restrictions wife inheritance

Question 35

Widowhood practices Inheritance customs often deny widows ownership or control of their late nusbanas ________, lane, or _________ -Such practices can lead to __________________, social _______, and loss of ________ for widows and their children. - These practices violate women's rights to dignity, property, and equal treatment under the law.

Answer 35

property ; assets economic hardship social stigma ; security

Question 36

Groom Flogging • The ________ tradition is a cultural practice found among the ________ people in parts of West Africa, including Nigeria. > It is a form of public flogging or ________ ceremony, usually performed on ____________ as a rite of passage into ________.

Answer 36

Sharo ; Fulani whipping adolescent boys manhood.

Question 37

Groom flogging The practice tests the boy's _________ , endurance, and _________ for adulthood. •Boys are whipped on their _________ in a _________ setting, often during _________ or _________ gatherings. • Successful endurance without showing _________ or _________ is highly valued and earns _________ respect.

Answer 37

courage ; readiness backs ; public festivals ; community pain ; fear

Question 38

Health Consequences of HTPs • Increased risk of __________ , including life-threatening __________ and __________ infections - Complications during __________ and __________, such as hemorrhage or obstructed labor > Chronic pain, __________, and other long-term __________ issues > __________ trauma and __________ health disorders > Higher rates of maternal and infant mortality

Answer 38

infections ; maternal ; neonatal pregnancy ; childbirth infertility ; reproductive health Psychological ; mental health

Question 39

Social consequences of HTPs > Reinforcement of _____________ and discrimination • Limitation of women's __________ and _____________ power •_____________ and social _____________, especially for those who resist or suffer from HTPs • _____________ disadvantages due to health complications and reduced participation in education or work

Answer 39

gender inequality autonomy ; decision-making Stigmatization ; social exclusion, Economic

Question 40

Drivers and Persistence of HTPs -_____________ beliefs and social norms -_____________ *Lack of _____________ and awareness -_____________ and _____________ pressure •_____________ factors

Answer 40

Cultural beliefs and social norms -Gender inequality *Lack of education and awareness -Community and family pressure •Economic factors

Question 41

Nigeria faces several harmful traditional practices that affect maternal and child health, including: List 3

Answer 41

FGM Traditional birth attendnace Child/early marriage